Honohono, Tungsten. Āhuatanga me tono o Tungsten

ka tukua tuhinga atu ki te kia maheni ki te tinana, me te matū āhuatanga o Tungsten, kite nga kōrero o tona noho i roto i te natura, te wahi o te hanga, te whakatuwheratanga o te kōrero, me te ake.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - Ko he huānga o te Taka Pūmotu o Mendeleev hāngai e whitu tekau tau ngota wha ki te W. pūāhua Latin I roto i te āhuatanga mua he tae hina-hiriwa, pīataata, pakeke. O te Tungsten katoa whakarewa ko te whakangutungutu tino. Runga ake i taua o W, te ira whakakoero o anake whakarewa-kore - waro. He he ātete matū tiketike. Honohono, o Tungsten - tāupe.

History o whakahura

kēmihi Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele i 1781, rave i roto i te tukatuka o te waikawa hauota scheelite, i taea e hua Tungsten trioxide - "kohatu taimaha" kōwhai. E rua tau i muri mai, kua i roto i te 1783-m, e rua teina Eluard, Utaina tuatahi i Spain, i e te iwi whānui e taea te tiki e ratou i wolframite whakarewa hou me te waikura - Tungsten.

Modern United States, France ko Ingarangi whakamahia te ingoa o te Tungsten mo Tungsten, e whakamāoritanga i Swedish rite "kohatu taimaha". Tuatahi, te auraa te kupu wolframite kohuke wolframium. I muri haere reira ki te whakarewa ake.

Tungsten i roto i te āhua

E ai ki tātaitanga Vinogradova, kirinuku o tau clarke Tungsten whenua ko e pā ana ki 1.3 g / t. Ko te ihirangi toharite o te pae maunga kamaka, r / t: toka waikawa - 1.9, toharite - 1.2, te taketake - 0.7 ultrabasic - 0.1.

hāngai te rāhui nui o tenei whakarewa i roto i Haina, te US, Canada ko Kazakhstan, whenua pērā i Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Russia me South Korea i te iti i roto i te rite ki te rakau States i faahitihia. I roto i hua te tau e pā ana ki 49-50 miriona tana, o nei 41 whakaputaina e Haina, hāngai hea a Russia ki 3.5 taranata, Kazakhstan - 0.7, ko Ahitereiria - 0.5 taranata.

I roto i te ahumahi, i homai te tūranga matua ki te wolframite me scheelite. wolframite maha kohuke hāngai i roto i te toka granitic me hāngai ratou kukū toharite ki tetahi e rua ranei ōrau ia. Te nuinga o nga whenua te whakaputa kaweake Tungsten. . Ko te utu o tenei whakarewa he pai nui, me te kia rerekē i runga i te waitohu me te momo i roto i nei i te rironga rānei (i 2172 ki te 6250560 te horoitanga i.). Ko te ki täwahi, matua o te Tungsten whakaaro UK, China ko Ahitereiria. Kawemai i roto i ngā rahinga nui United States, Germany, Ingarangi me Japan.

Methods mo te faaineineraa

Te faaineineraa o te Tungsten - he tukanga arā, o te maha kaupae āpitihanga. Tuatahi trioxide taratahi WO ₃ i ore aro ki te tukanga ora i muri i te haere ki te puehu whakarewa ki hauwai i raro i ngā āhuatanga o e pā ana ki 700 ° C. Nā ki te ira whakakoero tino nui ara pai ki te tiki i tenei whakarewa he tikanga o te paura metallurgy. I roto i te taahiraa matamua e aki te paura Tungsten te, ka whakanohoia i roto i te huru hauwai me sintered i raro i ngā āhuatanga o e pā ana ki 1200-1300 ° C. I tua atu i raro ki te nāianei hiko, me te te maturuturu te pāmahana whakawera ki te toru mano nga nekehanga, haere tahi tenei tukanga e sintering, a ka tahuri te whakarewa ki te Monolith. faaineineraa muri o te Tungsten me tona purenga i te rauemi nukurau hua puta i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe rewa. Heoi, Tungsten paura - e kore te mea anake te ahua o te faaineineraa e whakarewa tenei. I roto i te faaineineraa o te W i pyrolysis o te pūhau taea te whiwhi te reira i kua i roto i te ahua konganuku, engari i roto i te kiato, me te paura kore.

āhuatanga kounga matū

Tungsten Ko te honohono, o te huru tāupe, i rua ki te ono. e te puka tino pūmau i te ono o valency. he kotiti Di- me trivalent momo o te pūhui, me kahore mahu'inga motuhake, i roto i te mahi e kore e whakamahia. Ko te tino ātete ki te te waikura o konganuku Tungsten. Room pāmahana taea ki reira te pupuri i te tūranga tamau kahore te raro ki te waikura; tae tīmata incandescence pāmahana ki oxidize, hanga he waikura Tungsten (VI). He te tuarua i roto i te raupapa o te ahotea me te utu i muri hauwai. I whakaritea rewakore i roto i hydrofluoric me te waikawa pūngāwhā memeha. te waikawa hauota me te aqua take regia tukanga mata piti hāora. Tuhinga o taea hauwai waikuratei.

He ranunga o te waikawa hydrofluoric me hauota memeha Tungsten pai:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4Ki te (te kunenga hau) + 7h ₂ O.

I roto i te aroaro o hāora taea te ähua ki te alkali whakarewa:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3Tukua ₂ à 2Na ₂ WO ₄ + 2H ₂ O.

puta rawa pōturi te tauira i runga ake tauhohe, engari ki runga ki te taenga ki te taumata o 400 ° C me te Tungsten whaiaro whakawera-o te tukanga tauhohenga e whakatere, te wā kotahi hanga he nui nui o te wera. Tauhohenga e pā ana hāora tono pa te tohu 500 ° C, ki whakarewa anake timata ki te wera ake.

Tareka i roto i te ranunga o ngā waikawa hydrofluoric me nitric arata'i ki te waikawa hanganga geksaftorvolframovoy - H ₂ [WF _6]. O e whakaaro nga pūhui Tungsten mohiotia katoa tino nui trioxide anhydride Tungsten ranei Tungsten, tungstate, he pūhui peroxy ₂ Aue, te mate _X, he taonga i takea mai i S, C, me te rōpū kōnakonako huānga ki ahau.

Ko te āhuatanga o te natura tino

Tungsten Ko te whakarewa pīataata hina marama. pāmahana Tungsten i roto i rewa me koropupu tae te teiteiraa teitei degrees whakaritea ki ētahi atu konganuku. He he nounou e kua ara rahi mahi rewa me koropupu ngā seaborgium, engari e tika ana ki te meka i ia "ora" he iti rawa, e kore e taea ki te mea ki te tino, mai i kore te mea kï e whakamātau. tīmata Tungsten ki ngohe i 3695 K, i kohua, pa he tata ki te koura 5828 K. W Net kiato - 19.25 karamu ia henemita pūtoru. Kei te āhuatanga i ia e 'ulungaanga paramagnetic. I roto i runga ki te tawhā ine Brinell pakeke ko 488 kg / mm ^2. I rua tekau nga nekehanga e degrees he resistivity o 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, engari i roto i nga tikanga o te pāmahana o 2700 ° taupū C resistivity faarahi ake ki te 904 x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. Ko te reo kitea i nekehanga Tungsten i te tere o te 4290 m / c.

Ko tētahi o nga konganuku taimaha ki pakeke tiketike, me te ira whakakoero o Tungsten āta whakaaro nui. Ko te āhuatanga e te hunga tūturu i roto i reira, te whakatau ona uara i runga i te mākete ao, me te taea te whakamahi whānui. Ko te kaha ki te tu atu ki te pāmahana teitei taea nui whakamahi tauine Tungsten. Waea, pepa, me te tokomaha atu tukua ki a koutou te hanga huarahi e mahi, e rave rahi e rave rahi tau. Waho rite ki te konukawata. I roto i te āhua parakore, ka wera ki te 1600 ° C kia pai kia titoa.

Ko te whakamahi o te konganuku parakore

Ko te tikanga taketake o te whakamahi i Tungsten - te turanga rite te rauemi whakangutungutu i roto i te ahumahi metallurgical.

āhuatanga Kirihou me whakangutungutu - ko tenei te mea e mohiotia hoki Tungsten. he mahuinga i roto i ngā pūrere tikanga mo te rama waea o tenei whakarewa. korere Pikitia me ētahi atu korere ki te korehau te hoki whakamahia whānui W.

e kore e taea te mahi hauhauhā pewa fehokotaki'anga waho nga electrodes i hanga ki te Tungsten. whakamahi korehau resistance oumu hoki reira rite te huānga whakawera, ka whakamahia tenei koranu whakarewa te rite te thermocouple rhenium.

Ko te kiato nui e āhei ki te whakamahi i te reira rite te pūtake mō te momo taimaha koranu e whakamahia rite te counterweight mo te matua sabot patu-ngoto ka tītere anga puhipuhi sagittal, matua hoki kariri patu-ngoto a tae noa gyro aueue rere pere ballistic.

Tungsten taea te mahi hei tikanga pai o te momo ionizing o radiation. Ahakoa te mea he kiato teitei me, tautautefito ki he taimi whakaritea ki te mata tikanga, i te taimaha o te taumata rite whakarato kakahu tiaki taputapu ranei kei ki tona whakamahi māmā. āhuatanga Infusibility me pakeke haafifi te tukatuka, me reira i roto i te wā pērā maha he alloys o Tungsten me te konukōreko, me te rino, te parahi, me te tahi atu konganuku.

I roto i te ahumahi ki te hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā hua totoka te whakamahi i Tungsten. Rau, Tungsten paura, me te tokotoko-electrodes - tetahi o nga momo tino noa o te putanga o W.

Whakamahi o te pūhui

Machining o ngā konganuku, me te rauemi e hanga ake te āhua kore-konganuku o waihanga engineering, he kōhao me te tukanga keri te whakamahi i alloys kaha me ngā rauemi momo hiato i runga i Tungsten carbide, he ranunga o te Titanium carbide, tantalum carbide me Tungsten carbide. E wehea pane Tungsten hanga i enei rauemi ki T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, ko VK6 VK4. Pane rōpū TT anake whakamahia hoki ngā āhuatanga machining rawa uaua i roto i nui haere matatini. He tauira pirimia taea te mahi rite te ru-tukanga perforator kōhao hurihuri rauemi roa hokohoko rikarika ki maitai ki ātete wera nui ranei. whakamahia W te rite te huānga alloying mo rino me alloys e hāngai ana i runga i te rino. Tuhituhia "tere High" maitai tapanga timata ki P, neke atu i te 90% o te wahi Kei roto Tungsten.

I ētahi wā e whakamahia rerekē pūhui Tungsten rite kaiwhakakökï ranei uhi, tiketike-pāmahana hinu mo te whakawhiti o te pūngao wera ki puka hiko.

Tungsten me te koiora

e kore te Tungsten whakarewa whakaaro nui i roto i te koiora, engari etahi huakita me te archaea hei wāhanga o ratou whākōkī i tenei wae, i te mea i roto i te pae hohe. puna hohonu āhua momo i parawhenuatia archaebacteria ora-hyperthermophiles, e whakaaro ti'aturi i runga i Tungsten obligately. i titiro te aroaro o tenei whakarewa i roto i te hanganga whākōkī kei rite te tuaukiuki o te wā Archean wawe, i roto i te kupu atu, e taea te utu i te reira ki te amo i taua ka mau te ahua wawe o te ora i runga i te whenua wahi ki te whai wāhitanga o W.

Ka rite ki te wahi matua o te tahi atu konganuku, Tungsten puehu ai ritenga o nga whekau romahā.

puka kanoirite

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten takenga tūturu Kei te ranunga o ngā momo e rima rerekē o kanoirite, ara: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 WT%.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) me ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). Valency Tungsten tāupe, a nga wa katoa hāngai ki te maha o te 2 ki te 6, i roto i tetahi ahua o te kanoirite.

Na roto i te 2016 i mohiotia kua reira toru tekau-ono puka horihori tangata-i hanga o tāutuhia Tungsten radionuclides ki tau papatipu 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. Open Tungsten ira ka puta noa i roto i te tau 2003, engari ko te tino iti tona tere, e hāngai ana ki te āhua e rua disintegrations ia karamu ia tau, me te huru o tenei pirau, ko te whakarewa α-mahi.

I roto i te mutunga

Tungsten te nuinga o te whakarewa whakangutungutu ngā te. Āhuatanga tūturu, tukua ki a matou te kitea he wahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi tangata ahumahi whānui, i engineering, me te whakamutu ki te tiaki i te radiation. i whakatuwheratia Konganuku pakeke rua, e rua nga tau motu, engari kahore Eluard kore Scheele teina ranei tino titau ki te kaiaka i te honore o tona kitea. Ko te honohono, o Tungsten tāupe me tango he uara o rua ki te ono, engari, rite kōrero mua, te puka tino pūmau e ono honohono. Ko reira tino ātete ki te waikura, e taea ariu ki alkali ka rewa i roto i te ranunga o ngā waikawa hydrofluoric me nitric.

Tungsten wehea pane ki te maha nui o ngā momo rite ki te tikanga o te mahi, te puka i roto i nei te whakarewa, me ona mara o te tono. He maha ngā momo o tona kanoirite, me te āhuatanga i roto i te natura te ruarua tohua ngā āhuatanga iratuki, me te rawa āta saietí. Ko te pūtake mo te plurality o ngā wāhanga me ngā wāhanga e manawapa, he whānui o ngā pūrere me ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana e te tangata ngā, ko reira Tungsten. Ahakoa utu ia kirokaramu whakarewa he tino nui, engari ahakoa e kore e reira whakaiti i te tono mo taua mea, no te mea o tona kounga hāngai ki te uara i ui ia mo.