Huri taiāwhio waiwaro kukū: pehea ko to ratou faaineineraa. cycloalkanes

I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te whiwhi cycloalkanes me ngā āhuatanga o ratou hanganga. Kia tamata tatou ki te whakamārama i te āhuatanga motuhake o enei matū, e hāngai ana i runga i nga āhuatanga o ratou hanganga.

hanganga

Hei timata ki te tātari i te hanganga o te piha haapiiraa mea o waiwaro waro. E wehea pūhui huringa katoa ki momo carbocyclic me heterocyclic.

Ko te rōpū tuarua i roto i te kati koropiko e toru ngota waro. taua pūhui Heterocyclic atu atu i waro i roto i o ratou rāpoi ngota i roto ano whanariki, hāora, ūkuikui, hauota.

He wehenga carbocyclic pūhui kakara, me te taonga alicyclic.

matū alicyclic

Ēnei ngā cycloalkanes. kua oti te whakarite āhuatanga matū me te faaineineraa o enei matū ïa e te hanganga kati o tenei piha o waiwaro.

ka karanga a Alicyclic aua matū e whai tetahi atu ranei huringa natula kore-kakara. whakaaro takanga me te Whakamahi o cycloalkanes e i roto i ngā o ratou hononga ki te pūhui alicyclic.

whakarōpū

He cyclopropane te māngai māmā o tenei piha o waiwaro. I roto i tona hanganga anake toru ngota waro. Māngai o te raupapa huirua e huaina, i roto i te tua, me paraffins. E ai ki o ratou āhuatanga matū, me te tinana e rite ki waiwaro kukū. Kei roto i te rāpoi ngota i hanga kotahi here orbitals ranu. Ko te momo cycloalkanes o hybridization sp3.

Ko te hanganga whānui whakahuatia e te piha haapiiraa tātai SnN2n. Enei pūhui he poinanaha interclass waiwaro ethylenic.

E ai ki te nomenclature ao o nāianei o whakauru, ki te taitara o ngā māngai o te piha haapiiraa tāpiri i te kuhimua "cyclo" ki te maha e tika ana o ngā ngota pūwaro. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, riro te huriowaro, cyclopentane. whakarato kouma te ingoa nomenclature mo te maha o ngā rōpū methylene kati CH2. No te mea o tenei, ka kia tuku reira ki trimethylene cyclopropane me cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Hoki tenei piha o ngā pūhui matū waro āhuatanga e poinanahatanga hanganga e pā ana ki te maha o ngota waro i roto i te whakakai, me te poinanahatanga whatu.

kōwhiringa mātauranga

Na, whakaaroa te te fariiraa. Ka taea te whiwhi Cycloalkanes i maha ngā huarahi, i runga i te aha te huru o te rauemi tīmatanga tīpakohia mō te hurihanga matū rānei. Ka tātari matou i te kōtuitui kōwhiringa parawini matua.

Na, he aha ratou riro? Cycloalkanes i hanga e te cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh waiwaro kukū. Waihoki matū hua mowhiti faá me toru-membered. Hei tauira, cyclopropane. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i tona faaineineraa - cycloalkanes, e ko te māngai tuatahi o te raupapa huirua e hanga e e te mahi o te konupora konganuku konutea digalogenproizvodnuyu hāngai waiwaro tahi ranei.

A me pehea e taea e koe te hanga i te rima-membered me ono-membered pūhui huringa, te tukanga o ratou whiwhi? Cycloalkanes ki rite maha ngota waro i roto i te hanganga ki te waihanga i te pai uaua, mai e tika ana ki te conformation o te raruraru ki te cyclization o te rāpoi ngota. he tika ki te huringa noa o te C-C, e tino whakaiti te tūponotanga o te pūhui huringa tenei āhuatanga. Hoki te hanganga o enei māngai cycloalkanes rite tīmata rauemi ko te 1,2- ranei 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye waiwaro tahi hāngai.

I roto i te tukanga ariā tikanga parawini me hoki te wehe decarboxylation o waikawa dicarboxylic me tai ona. rite e pae me cycloalkanes ono-membered tōhau intermolecular.

I roto i ngā tikanga motuhake mo ratou hanganga whakahua i te tauhohenga i waenga i ngā waiwaro rua me carbenes, whakaora oxygenated pärönaki tsiklosoedineny.

āhuatanga matū

ara katoa taea o whiwhi cycloalkanes me ratou taunekeneke e whakaritea e nga peculiarities o hanganga matū. Homai te aroaro o te hanganga huringa, i roto i nga āhuatanga matua o te tauhohenga matū o cycloalkanes hauwai tīpako hononga (hydrogenation), tona whakakorenga (maroketanga).

Hoki te tauhohenga te whakamahi i te whakakōkī, rite he konukawata, palladium taea mahi. Kei te ähua i te pāmahana teitei, tei tona uara i runga i te rahi whakakai. Ko te mahi i runga i te rāpoi ngota pūwaro huringa e UV irradiation, kia ähua chlorination (māota tua).

Ka rite ki ngā māngai katoa o ngā pūhui matū waro, taea ki te tomo ki cycloalkane ko te tauhohenga parariraa, ki te hanga i te hauhā i muri i te tauhohe, kohu wai. E pā ana tēnei tauhohenga ki tukanga putawera mai tahi i te tukunga o te wera rawaka.

mutunga

Paraffins e katia pūhui pūwaro i hanga i waiwaro tahi digalogenproizvodnyh atu matū ranei. Āhuatanga o ratou hanganga takoto taketake āhuatanga matū cycloalkanes, ratou tono. Te nuinga e whakamahia ratou i roto i te kōtuitanga organic ki te whakaputa i ngā pūhui matū waro oxygenated.