Kāhua o momo reo me te kupu. kāhua reo Taumahi

Reo Raukāhua - ko te momo, e mahi tetahi ranei te tahi atu taha o te ora pāpori. i te tahi mau tautuhinga noa katoa o ratou: te whakaaro whakamahi o te āhuatanga, te puka i roto i nei ratou te tīariari, me te huinga o ranei rauemi reo.

I ahu mai te ariā rawa te i te Kariki kupu "stilos", i te auraa i te rakau ki te pukapuka. Ka rite ki tangohia te ako pūtaiao i te āhua i roto i te kāhua o te pia ma o te rau tau rua tekau. I roto i te hunga e kua ata whakawakia nga raruraru o stylistics, ko M. V. Lomonosov, F. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. utua aro nui te ki takitahi momo mahi D. E. Rosenthal, vv Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina me ētahi atu.

E rima momo o kupu i roto i te reo Russian

momo reo Taumahi - he etahi āhuatanga o te kupu iho, ranei ona momo pāpori, kupu motuhake, me te wetereo, e hāngai ana ki te hōkai me te ara o te whakaaro.

I roto i Russian, e ngā wehea ratou ki e rima ngā momo:

• Elementary;
• pakihi mōhiohio;
• kairangahau;
• publicist;
• Art.

Paerewa me ngā ariā o ia tei runga i te wā o mua, me te huringa i runga i te wā. Tae noa te rau tau XVII taa ê roa kupu kīwaha, me te bookish. ka reo Russian te tuhituhi anake i roto i te rau tau XVIII, whakawhetai te nuinga ki te mau tautooraa o M. V. Lomonosova. timata kāhua reo Modern ki te tango i te āhua i te wā kotahi.

Birth o kāhua

I roto i te wā i tahito ra i reira i tuhinga hahi, tuhinga pakihi me meatanga. taa ê reo rā korerotia i ratou kaha nui. I te wa ano, kāinga me te pakihi tuhinga i te rota i roto i te noa. hanga M. V. Lomonosov kua ki te huri i te āhuatanga he rota o te kaha.

whakatakotoria e ia te pūtake mo te ariā tawhito, miramira nga momo tiketike, iti, me te waenganui. E ai ki a ia, i hanga e te reo tuhituhi Russian rite ki te hua o te whanaketanga tahi o te pukapuka, me te rerekē kīwaha. ka mau ia rite te pūtake puka stylistically kūpapa me kīanga o tetahi me te tahi atu, tukua te whakamahi o mau parau o te iwi, me te whakawhāiti i te whakamahi o Slavonicisms iti-mohiotia, me te motuhake. Ngā mihi ki reira ngā momo reo pūtaiao M. V. Lomonosovu whakakiia.

I muri, ka hoatu e A. S. Pushkin whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga atu o te kāhua. whakatakotoria ana mahi te turanga mo te kāhua toi.

whakahau a Moscow me whakahounga o Pita ko nga takenga mai o te reo e pā ana-pakihi. Nga meatanga onamata, a'oraa me mau haapiiraa i hanga te pūtake o te kāhua kairīpoata. I roto i te putanga tuhituhi, ka anga reira ki te tango i te āhua anake i roto i te rau tau XVIII. Ki te rā, kua whakapaipai momo reo 5 katoa rawa mārama me whai ratou ake momo.

whare kōrero

Ka rite ki te ingoa titau, tenei kāhua o te kupu e whakamahia ana i roto i te kōrero rā. I roto i te rerekē ki te hāngai me mita, kua hāngai te reira i runga i te rārangi kupu tuhituhi. Ko tōna whānuitanga - he āhuatanga te wahi i reira he kore whanaunga e pā ana mārama i waenganui i te rōpū. I roto i te ora ia rā, whakamahia kupu te nuinga kūpapa me ngā kīanga (hei tauira, "puru", "hoiho", "mahue"). Ko taea e koe te whakamahi i te kupu i korerotia ki te tae ( "whare kākahu", "kore o te wā").

korerotia Roto e toru momo: obihodno-kiritaki, pakihi-obihodno me epistolary. ngā te whakamutunga te reta tūmataiti. Colloquially, pakihi - ki te kōwhiringa kōrero i roto i te tautuhinga ōkawa. momo reo pakihi Elementary me e pā ana (te haapiiraa kauhau ranei e taea te mahi kia rite ki tetahi atu tauira) i roto i te tikanga etahi, wehea tenei momo iti te i waenganui ratou, rite taea te pēnei reira, a reira me ki reira.

kōrero ōpaki taea ia rātau, faaiteraa aroha, me te iti, me te kupu ki pīmuri aromātai (hei tauira "domische", "rāpiti", "whakamanamana"). Ka taea e home kāhua kōrero kia tino kanapa, me te kaki tika ki te whakamahi o te faahitiraa parau, me nga kupu ki whakamarumaru fakaeongo expressive ( "ngehe", "blizehonko", "hoa", "karakia", "yubchonka").

whakamahia whānuitia motu rerekē - "raruraru", "waka tūroro", "waiu CONDENSED". Ko tehea te atu i te pukapuka te reo korerotia - te whakamahi tika o participles me gerunds, rerenga matatini multipartite. I roto i te whānui, take tenei kāhua te tuhituhi, engari i te wa ano he ona ake peculiarities.

kāhua pūtaiao

Ia, me te mahi e pā ana, kei te tino tino i roto i te kōwhiringa o ngā kupu me ngā kīanga e koi vāofi te hōkai o te whakaaetia. kāhua pūtaiao e kore e o te reo Russian tukua mita, e hāngai, kīanga kīwaha, kupu ki overtones aronganui. tavini te reira i te ao o te pūtaiao me te ahumahi.

Mai te whakaaro o ngā tuhinga pūtaiao - ki te tapaea kitenga rangahau, meka whāinga, hanga ana e ia titauraa ki to ratou hanganga me te kupu e whakamahia ana. Tikanga, te raupapa o te whakaaturanga, ko e whai ake:

• whakataki - tauākī o te raruraru, whāinga, take;
• matua wahi - rapu me te kōmaka o kōwhiringa, tuhi whakapae, tohu;
• I te pae hopea - he whakahoki ki te pātai o te whāinga.

hangaia te hua i roto i tenei momo te me arorau, mahi reira e rua ngā momo o te mōhiohio: meka, a ka, rite te kaituhi o ratou whakahaere.

hanga kāhua reo pūtaiao whānui whakamahi o ngā, te kuhimua anti-, bi-, quasi-, fakalangi -skeleton pīmuri, raa, -No-e (paturopi, pourua, supernova, te ora sedentary, tohu, te pūrua). Ano, e kore e nga ngā tīariari e ratou - i whai ahua ai ratou he whatunga matatini o te whanaungatanga me ngā pūnaha: i te whānui ki te ngā, i te katoa ki te wahi, te tuakiri puninga / momo / te pato'iraa, a na i runga i.

paearu Essential rite kuputuhi - objectivity me te tika. Objectivity aukati fakaeongo whakatupato reo, ua piihua, tau toi o kupu, he tika i konei ki te arahi i te aamu i roto i te tangata tuatahi. Kei te maha Tika e pā ana ki te ngā. Ka rite ki te faahoho'araa, tētahi whiti i te pukapuka Anatoliya Fomenko, "Methods o tātari Mathematical o ngā tuhinga hītori."

Ko te tohu o "matatini" o te kuputuhi pūtaiao tei matua i runga i te whakarongo ūnga me whakaaro - te tikanga ki nei te reira i te hua, te nui o te matauranga Īhaka i enei iwi, ka taea ki te matau te mea kei i tĭtĭ ranei ratou. Ko reira mārama e i roto i te takahanga i taua, rite te haapiiraa kura o te reo Russian, korero, me ngā momo whakapuaki e hiahia ana kuware, a ka hāngai te kauhau mō ngā akoranga kura tiketike matua me te kupu pūtaiao matatini.

O te akoranga, he tākaro nui tūranga me ētahi atu āhuatanga - te kaupapa (i roto i te reo hangarau o te pūtaiao stricter me te ake whakaritea atu i roto i te momo) momo.

I roto i tenei kāhua reira he whakaritenga tino mō te rēhitatanga o te mahi tuhituhi: otinga o ariki, me te täkutatanga, monograph, ngā tuhinga.

Substyles onäianei me korero pūtaiao

I tua atu ki te rangahau tūturu, tohatoha subgenres atu pūtaiao-mātauranga, me te pūtaiao-rongonui. Kei te whakamahia i ia mo te whakaaro motuhake, me te mo te whakarongo motuhake. Ēnei momo reo - tauira o rerekē, engari i te wa ano, rite i roto i rerenga ahua kōrero.

Rangahau me te Whakangungu iti-momo - he ahua o te putanga marama o te kāhua taketake, i roto i nei tuhinga kua oti te tuhituhi mo te hunga e kua tika timata ki te tūhura i te wāhi hou. Māngai - pukapuka mō ngā kura tiketike, kareti, kura (kura nui), wahi o te whaiaro tokoni-, atu tuhituhinga, hangaia hoki tīmata (ka huaina i - i tētahi whiti i te pukapuka matua hinengaro mō ngā kura tiketike: te kaituhi Slastenin V. Isayev AI me etahi, "Whakaako Textbook .. ").

Scientific-rongonui iti-momo - māmā ki te matau atu te tahi atu e rua. Ko tōna whakaaro - ki te whakamārama ki te whakarongo nga meka matatini, me te tukanga reo ohie, me te mārama. Various mātauranga "101 meka e pā ana ki ..." i tuhituhia e ia.

pakihi mōhiohio

te tino ōkawa o 5 momo reo Russian. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te kōrero i waenganui i States rite te pai kia rite ki pūtahi ki ia atu, me te ki tangata. He he tikanga o te kōrero i waenganui i te mau taata i roto i te wāhi mahi, i roto i ngā rōpū, i roto i te rāngai mahi, i roto i te mahi o ratou herenga e pā ana.

pā kāhua pakihi Official ki te pukapuka-tuhituhi, ko te whakamahia te reira i roto i te tuhinga o nga ture, whakahau, kirimana, mahi, mana o te rōia, me ngā tuhinga rite. whakamahia te puka-waha i roto i te whaikōrero, pūrongo, kōrero i roto i te anga o te hononga mahi.

Wae o kāhua mōhiohio

I roto i te kāwai whānui tāutuhia he maha o te iti-momo:

• Legislative. Kei te whakamahia waha me i tuhituhi, i roto i te ture, tikanga, whakaritenga, tohutohu, reta whakamarama, ngā taunakitanga, me ngā tohutohu, kōrero itemized me te whakahaere. -Waha oro i roto i te tautohetohe pāremata me ngā pīra.
• Kawanatanga - te vai i roto i ngā puka kōrero, ka tuhituhia, whakamahia ki indictments, verdicts, pukapuka ia, whakaritenga, tono, mahi tukanga. I tua atu, e taea te rongo i te reira i roto i ngā tautohetohe ture, kōrero i runga i fariiraa tangata 'a na i runga i. D.
• Whakahaere - i roto i te tuhituhi mohio te i roto i whakahau, tikanga, whakatau, kirimana, mahi me te inihua kirimana, reta e pā ana, ngā inoi, waea, pai, pukapuka, autobiographies, pūrongo, rihīti, tuhinga kaipuke. Ko te puka-waha o whakahaere iti-momo - whakahau, auctions, ngā whiriwhiringa arumoni, whaikōrero i pōhiri, auctions, hui, etc ...
• Takawaenga. Ka taea te kitea i tēnei momo i roto i te tuhituhi i roto i te puka o ngā tiriti, ngā tikanga, whakaaetanga, te mau fafauraa, tikanga, ngā kōrero whaiaro. Ko te puka-waha - he ki ngā whakaratonga, memorandums, tauākī tahi.

Ko te kāhua mōhiohio-pakihi kīanga whakaritea whakamahia kaha wero uniana me tūingoa kōrero:

• i runga i te ...
• rite ki te ...
• i runga i te pūtake o ...
• e tika ana ki ...
• e tika ana ki ...
• e tika ana ki ...

momo reo pakihi pūtaiao, me te mōhiohio anake i te mārama puka me te hanganga. I roto i tenei take, te tono, CV, manatu, kāri tuakiri, tiwhikete marena me ētahi atu.

Hoki kāhua āhuatanga e te reo kūpapa o te kōrero, te tikanga kupu tika, rerenga matatini, haapoto noa, te papû, te kore o te tangatatanga. whakamahia whānuitia kupu motuhake, whakapotonga, kupu motuhake, me te faahitiraa parau. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui - he cliché.

publicistic

He tino rawe ki momo reo Taumahi. Kairīpoata - he kahore okotahi. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te pāpāho, tuhinga tūmatanui, me te wā, i te wa o tōrangapū, ngā ture. Nuinga o ngā wā e taea e kitea taua mea i roto i te tauira o te reo irirangi me te pouaka whakaata ngā hōtaka, tuhinga nūpepa, makasini, mātārere, rallies.

tikanga pānui te mo te whakarongo whanui, na uaua i reira te kitea ngā motuhake, me te mea i reira e, te rapu ratou ki te whakamārama i roto i te kuputuhi taua. vai te reira i kore anake i roto i te kupu me te tuhituhi - te kitea ano i roto i te whakaahua, kiriata, whakairoiro me te whakaahua, tapere, whakaari me te puka-waha-waiata.

kāhua kairīpoata E rua ngā mahi matua o te reo: mōhiohio me te mana. Ko te mahi tuatahi - ki te kawe i ki te iwi nga meka. Tuarua - te waihanga i te mana'o tika, ki te whakaawe i te whakaaro o nga ngā. titau Information mahi te pūrongo e o te pānga raraunga pono, me te tika ki te kaituhi e kore anake, engari ano hoki i te kaipānui. Acting rite kitenga i roto i te whakaaro whaiaro o te kaituhi, ana waea ki mahi, me te tikanga o te whakaaturanga.

Haunga motuhake mō tenei kāhua ngā, i reira ko te reo noa i roto i ngā āhuatanga whānui: kōrerorero, ngangahau me te rerehua.

mahi kōrerorero

Communication - te matua me te raruraru whānui o te reo, e faaite ake i roto i ona ahua katoa, me ngā momo. Tino momo katoa o ngā momo reo me te kupu he mahi kōrerorero. I roto i te nūpepa te tikanga e te taua tuhinga, me ngā mahi mo te whakarongo whanui, te kitenga o te urupare kei roto i reta me ngā waea waea o kaipānui, kōrero paepae, uiuiraa. Me whiwhi tēnei e he mārama, me te ngāwari hoki ki te kaipānui mahino te kuputuhi.

mahi expressive

Ko te kuputuhi kairīpoata kitea ki te tuakiri o tona kaituhi, e kia faaite ratou huru ki nga ngā, ki faaite ratou mata o te tirohanga. Ko nga momo rerekē o te kaituhi o te tohu rerekē o te haere noa - e kore te emotionality angamaheni o te buka iti te ope korero whakaatu ranei, engari koa i roto i te tuhipoka mōhiohio tuku rongo ranei.

e kore e Expression haere ki tua atu rohe whaitake - he mea e tika ana ki te faatura i te ture o te ahurea kupu me te faaiteraa o te kare e kore e taea e te whāinga anake.

Ko te mahi rerehua

O 5 momo katoa o korero o te reo Russian, he reira anake i roto i te rua tenei mahi. I roto i te tuhituhi tuhinga rerehua e whai wāhi nui i roto i te rīpoata tona tūranga ko te nui iti. Heoi, lau whakarongo ki te pai-hoahoa, pai whakaaro i roto i, nui tupukoso kuputuhi taurite ranei. Na reira, ko te reira e minaminatia ki te whakarongo ki te kounga rerehua i roto i tetahi o nga momo.

Tūmomo o nūpepa

Roto te kāhua matua te huna hoki i te rota o momo puhoi whakamahia:

• kupu whaikōrero;
• buka iti;
• tuhinga roa;
• pūrongo;
• lampoon;
• ngā uiuinga;
• pepa me ētahi atu.

whakamahia ia o ratou i roto i etahi āhuatanga: te buka iti e rite ana te ahua o nga mahi toi, me te kairīpoata te nuinga o te wā whakahaua ki te rōpū ngā, he āhuatanga pāpori ranei te pūnaha tōrangapū i roto i te whānui, i te pūrongo - he karere arä, me te tōkeke i te scene, te tuhinga - he momo ki nei te kaituhi tātari reira etahi ngā, meka, a homai ana ratou e ratou ake aromatawai me te tikanga.

kāhua toi

Kua whakahuatia momo katoa o ngā momo reo me te kupu i roto i toi. Ka kawea e te reira i te mau mana'o, me whakaaro o te kaituhi, pānga tokonga o te kaipānui. whakamahi te reira i nga taputapu katoa o te tahi atu momo, te kanorau, me te momonatanga o te reo, te āhuatanga e whakaahua, kare, korero arotahi. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te tuhinga.

He āhuatanga nui o tenei kāhua ko rerehua - konei ko reira, rite te ātete ki te nūpepa, he huānga e hiahiatia ana.

E wha hoki nga tu o momo toi:

• epic;
• lyrical;
• Drama;
• ngā.

Ia o enei puninga he ona ake huarahi ki te whakaatu takahanga. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te hautoa, i reira ka kia te nuinga āmiki kōrero e pā ana ki te kaupapa hui, ka e mahi i te kaituhi ia tangata ranei o te pūāhua i te tūranga o te kaikörero ranei.

E arotahi ana te kōrero lyrical i runga i te mana'o i mahue te kaupapa te kaituhi. Tenei ko nga wheako matua, he aha kei te tupu i roto i te ao i roto.

huarahi whakaari tohu he tetahi kaupapa i roto i te mahi, e whakaatu ana ia ia karapotia e te tahi atu taonga me ngā. Ko te ariā o enei puninga e toru no ki V. G. Belinskomu. I roto i te puka "parakore", he onge ia o enei. Aita i maoro a'e, tautuhi etahi kaituhi tetahi atu ahua - ngā.

I roto i te tahuri, epic, lyric, kua wehea huarahi whakaari ki te whakaahuatanga o ngā me ngā kaupapa ki momo: tales patupaiarehe, kōrero, poto kōrero, pūrākau, ode, whakaari, rotarota, pukuhohe me te ake.

He ona ake āhuatanga te kāhua toi o te reo:

• whakamahi te reira i te huinga o ngā rauemi wetereo o momo atu;
• E tīpakohia puka, hanganga, te reo, taputapu i roto i runga i te ariā me te whakaaro o te kaituhi;
• whakamahi o tau motuhake o kupu, e homai Tatae kuputuhi me te pohewa;
• faufaa nui ko te mahi rerehua.

He Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ara (whakarite aua kupu whakarite whakarite synecdoche) me tau stylistic (epithet taunoa, epiphora, pūwerewere, metonymy).

image toi - te kāhua - reo

Ko te kaituhi o tetahi mahi, e kore e anake tuhituhi, me te tikanga mo te whakapā ki te pūtirotiro kaipānui ranei. He ona ake tikanga o kōrero puka toi katoa. Here a reira ko te huinga toru - he whakapakoko toi, kāhua me te reo.

Ko te whakapakoko - he huarahi whānui ki te ao, me te ora, ua faaite e te artist mā te whakamahi i to ratou reo i whiriwhiri. Ko te kāwai whānui etahi o toi, he ahua o tikanga o te ao na roto i te te hanga whakaurunga rerehua tīariari.

Kei te karanga a hoki ara toi tetahi tītohunga, anō e te kaituhi i roto i te mahi. whakakitea Ko tōna tikanga kei te anake i roto i te pāhekoheko ki te kaipānui te pūtirotiro ranei: e ka ite te reira i te tangata kite tei runga i tona whāinga, huru, āhua aronganui, ahurea me ngā uara, i roto i nei whakaarahia e ia.

Ko te huānga tuarua o te topu- "image - kāhua - reo" e pā ana ki te ringaringa ngā moku, ki te kaituhi te wā o te huinga o te tikanga me te tikanga ranei. I roto i te toi, i reira he ariā rerekē e toru - te kāhua o te wā (e hipokina te wā hītori o te wā, te āhuatanga nei te he āhuatanga noa, pērā i te wā o te Victorian), motu (i raro i matau ki a ia i te āhuatanga e he noa ki te iwi motuhake, te iwi, mo te tauira, kāhua Japanese) me takitahi ( kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te toi, i ngā āhuatanga e kore e e takoto ana i roto i te tahi atu kounga nei mahi, hei tauira, Picasso).

Reo i roto i tetahi ahua o te toi - te pūnaha o taputapu ataata hangaia ki te mahi ki nga take o te kaituhi ki te waihanga mahi, he taputapu mō te hanga whakapakoko toi. āhei te reira i kōrero i waenganui i te kaihanga me te whakarongo, ka taea ki a koe "peita" te whakapakoko ki te āhuatanga kāhua tino ahurei.

Ia momo o whakamahinga auaha mo tenei te tikanga: painting - tae, whakairo - rōrahi waiata - mita, reo. Fakataha hanga e ratou he kāwai toru - image toi, kāhua, te reo, te tauturu ki te tiki ofi ange ki te kaituhi, me te ki te mahino pai ratou hanga.

kia mohio ki te reira e, ahakoa te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou, e kore e momo hanga motuhake, pūnaha tino kati. E ratou taea ki te interpenetrate tonu tahi i te tahi: e kore anake te whakamahi toi o te reo te tikanga momo atu, engari he maha ngā o tahi pūtaiao (momo kawanatanga, me te hanganga ture i ona ngā tata ki aua marau pūtaiao) te mahi mōhiohio.

ô i kupu Pakihi te korerotia te reo, me te hurihia. Tiro kairīpoata o korero te tu'atiraa rahi waha me i tuhituhi ki te hōkai o te korerotia me te kāhua pūtaiao rongonui.

Ano, ko te āhua o te reo o nāianei, ko te i kore tikanga tahi mea pūmau. Engari ki te mea e he i te reira i roto i te taurite hihiri. Tonu i reira he ariā hou, Dictionary Russian tāpiri e nga kīanga e haere mai ana i ētahi atu reo.

Waihangatia ana ngā momo hou o kupu ki te awhina o nga hunga ngā. Ko te whanaketanga tere o te pūtaiao me te hangarau hoki kaha whai wāhi ki te haamaitairaa o te kāhua pūtaiao o te kupu. He maha ngā ariā i te mara o te pakimaero pūtaiao toi oho ki te kāwai o ngā rawa ōkawa, ko te hunga atu tukanga me ari ranei. He ariā pūtaiao ngā i roto i te kupu noa.