Ko te hītori o te karaihe poke i roto i Russia me i te ao. Ko te toi o te karaihe ōpure

whakamaoritia te kupu "ōpure" te i Latin rite "karaihe". Kei te whakaaro ia tetahi o nga momo tino parakore me motuhake o te toi, taonga i roto i tona hītori me te mahi tikanga. He hītori poto o te takenga o te ōpure ka korero kaipānui i roto i te tuhinga.

Whakamārama o te karaihe ōpure

Kaiwhakaako, korero te kōrero o te karaihe ōpure mō ngā tamariki i roto i te akomanga, tīmata ki te take pakiaka o tona takenga. Ko te putanga o te u'i matamua e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha. Ko reira te reira, a ka anga ka ki te whakaputa i te karaihe. Neke atu i te wa, ako ahau ki te hanga i karakara reira, ka whakamahia ki te whakapaipai i ngā taonga. i ia tikanga ona ake whakamahi ngā o taua mōhiti:

• kua oti te whakapaipai Sumerians nga tuanui o ratou mau hiero.
• Ihipiana me karaihe marutanga tōrino hanga reira oko tae.
• Nga Roma me Kariki he tohunga i roto i te hanga o te ipu tawhito me kapu ki whakairo whakapaipai me rota o te whakapaipai.

enei āhuatanga katoa rā hoki ki te timatanga o te rua te BC mano tau. i muri anake i te mano tau kua ako nga Hiriani ki te whakatangi karaihe, a ka hoatu ara tenei ki te hītori o te whanaketanga ōpure.

Ahua o te karaihe ōpure tuatahi

I roto i te aamu o te ahua o te ōpure kihai tohua te rā tangohia. Otira, e matau ana tatou e i roto i te tau Karaitiana meinga te tuatahi ki te whakamahi i te karaihe tae hoki te hanga o ngā pikitia ohie. Kei te eke te reira ki te putty i runga i te poari te whakapaipai matapihi ranei. A ki te haerenga mai o nga mau hiero tuatahi o ratou whanaketanga kua riro ōpure Byzantine. rotarota ve'a me ngā whakamārama o ngā titonga karaihe he kaitito rongonui o te rau tau tuawha tuarima ranei. I taua wa, piri ōpure auraa hanahana, me te marama haere i roto i a ratou i whakaritea ki te wairua tapu.

History o te whanaketanga

Kia aroha mai, kihai i tae to matou wa, me te rau tau poke tekau nga matapihi karaihe mo te āhua katoa. Ka taea te whakawakia ratou i te toe whatiwhatinga me ngā o kaitito. Otiia i roto i te heke mai kua whānui horapa tenei ahua o te toi me te whanaketanga mō ngā whenua katoa. Kia whakaaro tatou te kōrero o te takenga o matapihi ōpure-karaihe, kāhua huringa me te hangarau i roto i nga tau.

karaihe ōpure Romana

parau mai ia tatou i te kōrero o te karaihe poke e puta romance i te tekau ma tahi o nga rau tau, me te tonu i hāngai te rau. riro ratou i te matapihi poke-karaihe matarohia tuatahi, i roto i nei i hanga e te whakapakoko i mongamonga o te karaihe tae me te kōtaha o te whakarewa.

Āhuatanga karaihe Romana ōpure:

• taea utu ratou, e kore katoa o te utu tiketike, mai i te tino uaua, me te wa e kai ana i te rewa me pupuhi karaihe technique;
• i reira ko te tahi mau rangatira mo te ähua o pepa karaihe kikokore me mātanga i roto i ngā tauira tuhi tika i nui haere te kounga o Romana matapihi poke-karaihe;
• hoki te whakaputa i te rōpū kotahi ka tango atu atu i te kotahi rau rerekē mongamonga ia he āhua me te tae;
• karaihe ōpure o tenei wā e āhuatanga e hē pērā i blistering, pāhiwihiwi, abrasions, engari e kore e taua pahua ratou ahua, ka hanga motuhake ratou me te ataahua i roto i tona ara ake.

Mīhini hokohoko karaihe Romana ōpure:

• ki te tīmata i te ariki ka mau te mata rakau, ka whakaraupapahia tona ahua tona faahiahia heke mai;
• Na ia huānga o te kiriata tauira whiriwhiri (āhua me te rahi);
• i tono whatiwhatinga ki te ahua e hiahiatia ana o peita peita i muri pūhia i roto i te oumu ki te whakakotahi i te tauira;
• puta mosaicking i roto i te whakapakoko katoa mā te whakamahi i casements kuiti o mata;
• rite te matapihi i roto i aua ra i nui (e pā ana ki te ono mita), mo te kaha nui, me te pūmautanga o te hanganga nui uru o te maha awhi iti.

Masterpieces o era Romana:

• Karaiti te upoko o Veyssemburgskogo Abbey Alsace;
• he hanganga o poropiti e wha Faufaa Tahito i te Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Maueraa o te Mesia" i roto i te Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Ko e Tutukí, me raa" i runga i nga matapihi o te whare karakia i roto i Poitiers;
• matapihi e toru poke-karaihe o te Tokotoru Tapu i roto i te whare karakia i roto i Chartres.

karaihe ōpure Gothic

He ona takenga i roto i te 1144 te hītori o te ōpure (Gothic). Abbot Herekiu i roto i te hanganga o te hahi i roto i Saint-Denis, ki tonu te maha ngaahi mētali matapihi poutū. Ko te rerekētanga matua i te kāhua Romana o te hanganga, ko te meka e i roto i ia feti'a whakakitea he momeniti mahu'inga i roto i te aamu.

Āhuatanga o Gothic matapihi poke-karaihe:

• i roto i cathedrals ka anga ki te whakapiki ake i te maha o matapihi ki ratou rēhita i roto i te kāhua Gothic;
• Kua hohoro riro tenei hoahoanga rongonui a i whakawhanakehia i roto i Ingarangi me France;
• karaihe ōpure hoatu wa whakamutunga te temepara o te pouri, e pā ana ki te kino, a i te wa ano o te varua nui, kopakia ana i roto i te rota o te marama; i tapatahi tenei ōwehenga, me te kawea he tikanga ita;
• tae iku kukū whero me te puru e āta whakakapia ki mama, ki puritia roto nui taea marama;
• ke me ngā momo o tatau matapihi;
• France whakaaro he tikanga hou o te whakamārama - grisaille, takoto i roto i te meka i whakanohoia marama, marama karaihe ōpure i roto i te wāhi mōmona pouri, tuku ratou tahu nei ngako; i runga i te wā, ka nui atu ara te maha o ngā tikanga o tenei kāhua.

Ko te matapihi tino rongonui karaihe ōpure, hanga i roto i te kāhua Gothic matarohia, kei roto i te whare karakia i roto i Chartres. Ko reira ohie ki te ahu i te au maite i waenganui i nga matapihi nui, hoahoanga pouri me te ariā wāhi roto. Ko te rere o te maha nui o hihi i roto i te pouri, me te pouri e homai he pānga auheke, me te ātahu - ko te ataahua o te Gothic tenei. Ano i roto i te whare karakia i reira ko te taa i horahia i muri noa i te ao, - ko te matapihi i runga i te tauira ripeka Latin. aroaro ratou te ora o te wahine. A i roto i nga matapihi, turanga whakaatu te Karaiti, me te wahine a Mary.

Ōpure matapihi karaihe o te Renaissance

He ngaru hou o te ahurea, tae atu hoahoanga, whakapataritari taua ngā nanakia ki te whawhai, me te whiu. E te rau tau tekau ma rima, kua mutu iwi ki te hoatu i te hahi i roto i te wahi tuatahi, a haere ana ki te ara ao o te ora. Kei te tino awe te reira e te whanaketanga atu o te karaihe ōpure.

Āhuatanga poke-karaihe matapihi o te Renaissance:

• he ope o ake tikanga mahi ki te karaihe;
• i tenenga rawa he poke ia hiriwa, tino nui haere te taumata o ngā pikitia hanga;
• E tono tika nga tae ki te karaihe, ko reira taea ki te whiwhi i te whānuitanga o ngā tupapaku rerekē;
• whakapakoko titiro atu whakaemi, me te kanapa;
• France ko Italy ko nga pokapū matua mō te hanga o matapihi poke-karaihe;
• i roto i mētali pupau, e kore neke atu i te toru tekau henimita, kua meinga e ratou tohu o te wā.

Tauira o te Renaissance poke:

• matapihi Florence Cathedral i rangatira Italian;
• ohu matapihi i Kenigsfeldene;
• matapihi ōpure-karaihe i roto i te fare pureraa Besserer i Ulm mätou.

Ōpure High parare

Tae noa te ariki ōpure rautau tekau ma ono whakaputaina e te kaupapa puāwaitanga noa i reira nga rangatira pērā i Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo. i ratou he mana nui i runga i te ahurea ao, tae atu i te hītori o te toi o te karaihe poke i roto i Russia.

Āhuatanga poke-karaihe matapihi o te Renaissance Runga:

• mai te nuinga o nga rangatira o te ōpure ko Itāriana, a meinga ana e ratou nga kaituhi o nga ngā hou;
• toi o te taitahi ngā te talena o te āhuatanga Pākehā o te whakapaipai me te puka mōmona;
• I whakawhanakehia te reira i te mīhini hou tukatuka karaihe, kia reira atu mārama, me te mārama;
• i roto i te tua ki te hiriwa, a ka whakaaro te etchant whero;
• timata te Kaiwhakaako ki te hiahia te kaupapa tae, a kaua e kore ketia te puka me whakapakoko o hiahia taikaha;
• tatau i roto i te matapihi whānui ake ara, ka tae hanganga ammonite.

He tauira o poke-karaihe matapihi o te Renaissance Runga:

• "Tree o Hehe" i roto i te Beauvais;
• nga matapihi nui o te Cathedral o Brussels;
• "Tuhinga o Heliodorus i te temepara" i roto i te whare karakia i roto i Gouda.

whakaaro te rau tau tekau ma ono te te whakamutunga i roto i te pirimia o te karaihe ōpure i roto i nga ake Middle. I tua atu, kua riro te hanga o te hangarau karaihe me te tuhi tauira rawa tere te ahunga whakamua. i te rau tau rua tekau, he mana nui i runga i nga tikanga o te hoahoa poke.

History o te ahua o te karaihe ōpure i Russia

kihai i te tīariari Russian ōpure noa te rautau tekau mā iwa. Anake e taea pārekareka kawea iwi taonga i masterpieces noa atu. Ko te mea, ko te e kore e hahi rohe me cathedrals ngā karaihe ōpure, me te ahurea e rite ana kahore he he katoa i roto i te hiahia o tenei ahua o te toi. puta ratou a riro tonu rongonui i roto i nga mahi o rangatira Pākehā.

Ko te hītori o te karaihe ōpure i Russia:

• rau XVII - te ahua tuatahi o te karaihe ōpure;
• rau tau XVIII - te stagnation i roto i te whanaketanga o te moni-kore;
• timata o te rau tau XIX - te kătahi āta o pikitia i hanga o te karaihe tae, i roto i te ahurea Russian;
• te waenganui o te rau tau XIX - te whakamahi kaha o ōpure; Kua whāngai Emperor me ētahi atu iwi taonga te ahua Pākehā, ka anga ki te whakamahi i ratou ki te whakapaipai i ō rātou whenua; I reira poke me hahi;
• te mutunga o te rau tau XIX - hanga maha awheawhe i runga i pūkenga toi, me te akomanga peita me te kura;
• te hawhe tuatahi o te XX rau - poke toi karaihe timata ki te peka ke e tika ana ki te ngaro o Art Nouveau, a muri no o te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao;
• te waenganui o te rautau XX - whakaoranga karaihe ōpure o te ahurea Soviet, ka whai i te hua ahurei, rerekē i te peita mua i tona taketake me te rangirua.

Famous Russian matapihi ōpure:

• whakapaipai karaihe ōpure o St. Alexander Nevsky Ekalesia;
• Chapel i Tsarskoye selo;
• Ko te Society Matawhenua Russian i St. Petersburg;
• "Maueraa o te Mesia" Cathedral o St. Ihaka.

Ōpure Karāhe: Mua, o Nāianei

Ka whakaaro te taha hītori o momo poke i roto i te wā rerekē, whakamahia ahau ki te tahuri ki te toi o ēnei rā. Ōpure matapihi karaihe o to tatou wa i reira i roto i te tikanga ki te hoatu i te ruma i te waiwaiā motuhake, me te kāhua. Kua riro te rota o ngā rautaki karaihe-hanga, te whanaketanga o te hoahoa me te ahua taime matua o te putanga o momo hou o toi.

momo Modern o ōpure:

• Sandblast poke - hanganga karaihe, hanga i roto i te tikanga ngingio me oro e pā ana kaupapa noa. Hanga i runga i te mata katoa, te tikanga i roto i te kotahi te tae.
• A Mose ōpure - kua hanga ki runga o matūriki e pā ana ki te rahi taua o, rite te mosaic. pea te reira i te whakamārama te whakapakoko papamua ranei.
• Mea whariki a ōpure - pikitia hanga i nga mongamonga takitahi o te karaihe e hiahiatia āhua me te tae, te tikanga, kahore tetahi tāpiritanga.
• Fusing - karaihe, o nei kohia te hanganga te, e sintered ki ia atu i roto i te tūranga hapu. Ahakoa i roto i tenei momo ngā vpekanie etahi āhuatanga ke i roto i te whakapakoko whakamutunga.
• Priming ōpure - ngā o karaihe pani ki te whakapakoko aratau hapu. whakakiia taipitopito katoa i te peita motuhake wanihi ranei.
• Maungärongo poke - he huinga o mōhiti hangaia e te tikanga o te hangarau waikawa me te hono tikanga kotahi.
• Whakapiringa karaihe ōpure - kua hanga ki runga o te karaihe tae whakaritea i roto i te anga mata, me te hiri i te hononga. Te tikanga matamua, i tae noa i te anotau Middle.
• poke tuhaa - kua huihui te whakamahi i karaihe, me āhuatanga e nekehia atu i mua. Ko tētahi atu kōwhiringa - ko te whakamahi o te whenua, me te karaihe oro.
• Ngā karaihe ōpure - hanganga, te wā kotahi whakauru e rave rahi momo o ōpure. āwhina ana tēnei tikanga ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua mīharo, ki te hanga i te masterpieces pono taketake.

Tiffany ōpure Glass

Lewis Tiffany ko te kaiwhakarewa o tona kāhua ake, me te tikanga o te hanga karaihe ōpure, i meinga rongonui katoa i runga i te ao. Ko ia he tino roa te wa e mahi ana i runga i te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi, me tino nui - i runga i ngā huarahi ki te whakatika i te karaihe, rite kahore e ona tikanga wharekarakia tano. Eaha tei tupu i runga i te hua o enei mahi, tino taumaru e whakapiringa ōpure. Na te aha te rerekē e pā ana ki tenei tikanga i nga ētahi atu, me te aha i roto i te hītori o Tiffany poke matapihi karaihe e i roto i te whaimana tino, tango i te titiro.

Āhuatanga Tiffany-kāhua:

1. Tae. Kuo hoko ma'u pē Tīahoaho te paearu tino nui mō te Lyuisa Tiffani ka mahi ki ōpure. tamata ia ki te whakatutuki i te momonatanga taea rahi me te taketake i roto i te whakamahi o ngā tae. I te tahi taime Rangatira tae hanumi, a ētahi wā hoatu tetahi (ranei ara e rave rahi) karaihe i runga i runga o te tahi atu.
2. Material. Kounga - e ko te faka'ilonga o raraunga whakahauanga poke karaihe. I mua i te tīmata i te karaihe poke te haere tonu te whakamātautau pakari, me waiho ratou mea kohakore, me te kakano kākahu.
3. Talena. i pera mātanga, matatini, ki tonu i te kōrero, me ngā tae e maha e whakaritea e ratou ki te peita mahi a te ariki.
4. Hangarau. Hononga i waenganui i te karaihe puta i roto i te Unuhia parahi. Mai ko ia nui atu i te karaihe iho, takai te rīpene i runga i te mata, i te koki o iwa tekau nga nekehanga. He tūhonohono, me te tono ki te tine ƒpüata≈ hoki huānga oti.
5. Ko te utu nui. Ko te tino utu taua mahi, a taea anake e kitea i roto i ngā kohinga tūmataiti, nga whare taonga me cathedrals Ingarangi, me te American.

Taimi nounou ki mu'a tona mate, Lewis (1933), katia tona kamupene, engari tonu whakaaro te tikanga Tiffany te ki kia kotahi o te pai, me te mahi - he faahiahia o te toi.