Ko te kahu i waho o ngā pūtau. Koiora: te hanganga o te pūtau tipu, te ara iahiko

Ko te pūtau e hanga i te kikokiko o otaota me ngaa kararehe, whai rerekētanga nui i roto i te rahi, te āhua, ngā huānga wāhanga. Heoi, E ratou katoa te ōrite i roto i te whakahuahua whānui o te tipu, utu o te ora, irritability, kaha ki te whanaketanga rerekētanga. Next, whakaaro atu te hanganga o te pūtau tipu (ka hoatu Ripanga wāhanga matua i te mutunga o te tuhinga).

Poto Papamuri Historical

Na roto i te ru osmotic i roto i 1925 ka Gorter me Grendel anga kau o pūtau toto whero, ratou "atarangi" pera-ka karanga. Kua tutuki hoki ratou ki te tāpae, te tāutu i to ratou rohe mata. wehea lipids i te whakamahi i hauwaiwaro. Hoki, ko fakapapau'i te maha o ngā pūtau toto whero ia rohe wae. Ahakoa te papû ore i roto i te tātai i tangohia i roto i aitua hua tika, a ka whakatuwhera i te bilayer lipid.

mōhiohio whānui

Ko te ako o te whanaketanga kiko, me te tupu o nga āhuatanga o otaota me ngaa kararehe mo te ki koiora. Ko te hanganga o te pūtau tipu ko te matatini o toru veteki ki tetahi tetahi wāhanga:

• Matua. Kei te wehea te reira i te cytoplasm i te tikanga o te membrane maiengi. Kei te reira i te nucleolus, te wai karihi, me te pūpūira.
• Ko te cytoplasm me ngā hanganga motuhake matatini - organelles. Ko te whakamutunga, i roto i ngā, ngā te plastids, pungaraungao, lysosomes me taputapu Golgi, pokapū pūtau. E tonu reira organelles. I tua atu i enei, i reira e ano hanganga rangitahi, ka karanga inclusions.
• Ko te hanganga, i ngā te mata - te anga o te pūtau tipu.

Āhuatanga o te mata pūrere

Mahi leukocytes me ngā pūtau o te koti ngā rauropi whakarato te kătahi o wai, katote, rāpoi iti o te tahi atu pūhui. He tukanga i roto i nei i reira he kătahi o matūriki totoka, ka karanga phagocytosis. Ki te whiwhi tatou i te topata o pūhui wai, e korero ana matou o te pinocytosis.

organelles

e kitea i roto i ratou pūtau eukaryotic. Ki te organelles e pā ana panoni koiora e puta i roto i te pūtau. Ratou pukupuku rua HWM - plastids me pungaraungao. Kei roto ratou ratou ake DNA, me te te mīhini e synthesizes te pūmua. kawea Whakatö i roto i te wehewehe. I roto i te pungaraungao, anake mo ATP, synthesized te pūmua kei roto i rahinga iti. e kitea i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau Plastids. whakamana ratou uri e wehewehe.

membrane

Hape amo e te paparanga o waho o ngā pūtau - he cytoplasm. Ko te membrane he hanganga rāpoi rapa. Ko te kahu i waho o ngā pūtau i huaina te taputapu mata, i nei te tirotiro o te wehenga i te taiao o waho. He mahi rerekē o te membrane pūtau. Ko tētahi o nga mahi matua, ko te ki te whakarite i te tapatahi o te huānga katoa. Roto te hanganga e hoki nei, te faaiteraa i te pūtau i roto i te compartments pera-ka karanga. Ēnei wāhi katia huaina organelles compartments ranei. Roto ratou e tautokona e etahi tikanga. Ko te mahi membrane pūtau ngā ture o te utu i waenganui i te reo, me te pūtau.

membrane

He aha te mea te hanganga o te membrane pūtau? membrane Cell - (rua) o te rāpoi ngota o te piha haapiiraa lipid te bilayer. Te nuinga o ratou tohu i te lipids momo matatini - phospholipids. I roto i te rāpoi reira hydrophobic (hiku), me te hydrophilic (upoko) wahi. A, no te hanga e pūtau anga, hiku roto me te upoko - i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga. Membrane - he hanganga invariabelnye. casing pūtau kararehe kua he rota o ngā ōritenga ki te huānga o otaota. Ko te matotoru membrane - te tikanga o 7-8 nm. Koiora kahu waho o ngā pūtau ngā ngā pūhui proteinaceous: poluintegralnye (kotahi mutunga rumakina ki te lipid waho paparanga roto ranei), wāhi (tomo) te mata (pātata ki te taha i roto o rānei te i runga i te waho). He maha ngā pūmua e piri ana ngā o te membrane me roto te cytoskeleton pūtau me te taiepa i waho (ki te reira). Ētahi hononga tōpu te mahi i te tūranga o takere katote, he momo o receptors me transporters.

mahi paruru-

Ko te hanganga o te membrane pūtau te nuinga whakatau tona mahi. I roto i ngā, i te membrane he uruhanga whiriwhiri. Tenei te tikanga e te tohu o te uruhanga o ngā rāpoi ngota i roto i te membrane tei runga i to ratou rahi, āhuatanga matū, tiaki hiko. Ko te mahi matua whakamana e te paparanga waho o ngā pūtau, ka karanga arai. Nā ki te whakaratohia reira he utu pūhui taiao whiriwhiri, te whakarite, mātātoa me te hāngū. Hei tauira, whakarato peroxisomes koti tiaki i mōrearea peroxides cytoplasm.

waka

Na roto i te kahu pūtau waho o te rauemi whakawhitinga. Nā ki te waka whakaratohia tuku o ngā matūkai, te whakakorenga o nga hua mutunga o te tukanga o utu, te secretion o ngā matū, te hanganga o kai katote. I tua atu, tonu te pūtau he pH tino pai, me te kukū o ngā katote e tika ana mō te whākōkī. Ki te hiahiatia te matūriki mo tetahi take, e kore e taea e haere na roto i te bilayer o phospholipids, hei tauira, e tika ana ki te āhuatanga hydrophilic no te mea he hydrophobic i te membrane, ranei no o ratou rahi nui, ka taea e whiti ratou i te membrane i te tikanga o transporters motuhake (transporters pūmua) i te endocytosis pūmua ranei takere. I roto i te tukanga o te pūhui waka hāngū whakamatauria kahu waho o ngā pūtau, kahore whakapaunga o te pūngao i te tūringiringi iho te rōnaki kukū. whakaaro Kotahi kē o tenei tukanga te ki te whakahaere i te whakatinanatanga. I roto i tenei take, e tauturu te taonga nga pūtau ki whiti te paparanga waho tetahi rāpoi ngota motuhake. kia ai taua mea hakari hongere e he ahei o whakawhitihia tetahi anake momo o taonga. Hoki waka kaha titau pūngao. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te kaupapa i roto i tenei take e wahi hoki ki te rōnaki kukū tenei. I runga i te membrane i roto i tenei take i reira he papua pūmua motuhake, tae atu ATPase, Kei te mātātoa i mäminga ki te pūtau me te pāhare pāporo katote, papua konutai.

Ētahi atu mahi

Ko te kahu i waho o te pūtau Ka puta te mahi kopu. Nā tēnei, i roto i te tetahi tūranga tahi me te takotoranga o pūhui membrane pūmua me ratou pāhekoheko tino arotau. Nā ki te mahi mīhini whakaratohia e ngā pūtau motuhake me ngā hanganga ā-, me te hononga ki ētahi atu pūtau. O te faufaa rahi i roto i tenei take i te māngai o te otaota i ngā hanganga taiepa. I roto i te kararehe, te whakarite i te mahi mīhini tei runga i te taonga intercellular. Ko te kiriuhi whakahaere me ngā wero pūngao. I roto i te tukanga o te ahotakakame i roto i chloroplasts me tukupūngao pūtau i roto i te pungaraungao i roto i to ratou taiepa e whakahohe i te pūnaha whakawhiti pūngao. I roto i enei, pera i roto i te maha atu o te wā, he wāhi pūmua. Ko te whakaaro tetahi o te mahi tino nui receptor. Ētahi pūmua e kua kitea i roto i te membrane he receptors. Nā ki enei rāpoi taea te pūtau farii i enei atu tohu ranei. Hei tauira, steroids, komuhumuhu i roto i te bloodstream, mana anake i runga i te hunga pūtau ūnga e whai receptors e ōrite ana ki te kotahi te tahi atu hormones ranei. He hoki neurotransmitters. whakarato ēnei matū te tuku hihiko. ano i ratou i te hono ki te pūmua ūnga motuhake. He maha whākōkī wāhanga membrane. No reira te mahi enzymatic o te membrane pūtau. Ko te kiriuhi wē o ngā pūtau epithelial intestinal reira pūhui kūnatu. Ko te kahu i waho o ngā pūtau hangaia me biopotentials puritia.

Ko te kukū o ngā katote

Mā te membrane tautokona ihirangi roto o K + katote i te taumata ki runga ake i waho,. Ko tino raro atu i runga i te waho te kukū o Na +. Ko tenei o te faufaa ngā mai te rerekētanga pea na ngā runga i te taiepa, me te whakatupuranga o te pana io.

tohu

Reira i runga i nga antigens membrane, e mahi rite etahi "pokatata". Tohu taea ki a koe te tautuhi i te pūtau. Glycoproteins - pūmua tāmau ki a ratou oligosaccharide branched mekameka taha - te tākaro i te tūranga o "Antennas". Mai whirihoranga rave rahi o te mekameka taha e taea kia hoki ia rōpū o ngā pūtau ki te hanga i to ratou tohu. Ki te awhina o enei tupu āhukahuka o etahi atu āhuatanga e, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea e ki a ratou ngāue i te konohete. tupu tenei, hei tauira, te hanganga o te kopa, i nga okana. E ai ki tenei tikanga taua whakamana te mahi o te pūnaha ārai mate ki te mohio ki antigens ke.

Composition me te Hanganga

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, ngā kiriuhi pūtau o phospholipids. Heoi, haunga a ratou i roto i te hanganga he cholesterol reira me glycolipids. Ko te whakamutunga tapaeraa'tu ratou lipids ki warowaihā. Glyco- me phospholipids, te nuinga hanga nga taiepa pūtau, e tito o 2 warowaihā roa hydrophobic "hiku". E pā ana ratou ki hydrophilic, i ako "upoko". Nā ki te aroaro o te cholesterol membrane kua te taumata e tika ana o te rigidity. ni'ai te pūhui te wāhi i waenganui i te hiawero lipid hydrophobic, ko te kupu te ārai ratou tauhia. I roto i tenei whakaaro, te hunga kiriuhi i roto i nei iti cholesterol, ake ngāwari, me te ngawari, a te wahi ai muri, i runga i te anga ke, rigidity nui me te fragility i roto i nga taiepa. I tua atu, mahi te pūhui rite te mutu ārai kaupapa o te pūtau i roto i te pūtau rāpoi neke. O te faufaa ngā he pūmua e ô i te membrane me he kawenga mo ona āhuatanga ngā. e ranei tautuhia te anga o te pūtau tipu e tona hanganga, me te takotoranga o pūmua.

o lipids annular

E tata ki te pūmua enei pūhui. Heoi, o lipids annular atu kaunuku me iti iho pūkoro. I roto i to ratou hanganga kei fatty acids ki waiwai teitei. Lipids i roto i te kiriuhi ki pūhui proteinaceous. Te kore te huānga o te pūmua membrane annular kore e mahi. anga maha asymmetrical. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, tenei te tikanga e te paparanga i te hanganga rerekē o lipids. I roto i te waho kei te nuinga glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. I roto i te kahu roto o te fosfatidilnozitol hakari, phosphatidylethanolamine me phosphatidylserine. Te whakawhiti i tetahi taumata ki tetahi rāpoi motuhake uaua atu. Otiia, kia pai tupu te reira noa. Tenei tupu e pā ana ki kotahi nga marama e ono. kia hoki, kia rite te whakawhiti mā te pūmua-Flippase me skramblazy. A, no te te fosatidilserila paparanga waho, tangohia macrophages he tūranga tiaki a whangai ratou mahi i runga i te whakangaromanga pūtau.

organelles

kia katia ēnei wahi kia ranei kotahi, ka herea ia ki tahi e te tahi, wehea e te kiriuhi hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi organelles periksisomy whakaaro, vacuoles, lysosomes, Golgi taputapu, kiriuwhi. Na roto i te dvumembrannym ngā plastids, pungaraungao, karihi. Ko te hanganga o kiriuhi, organelles e whai taiepa rerekē rerekē i roto i te hanganga o te pūmua, me lipids.

uruhanga whiriwhiri

Na roto i kiriuhi pūtau āta haaparare i fatty me amino waikawa, katote, me te nonireka, kūhuka. Ai nga taiepa ratou kaha whakahaere i te tukanga e haere kotahi me te roa ētahi atu matū. Hoki whakauru ki te pūhui, i reira e wha tikanga matua i roto i te pūtau. Ko ētahi o ēnei exocytosis endo- ranei, waka kaha, te rerewai me te tūringiringi. Ko te rua whakamutunga i te hāngū me e kore e rapua e whakapaunga pūngao. Ko te rua tuatahi - he kaha. Hoki ratou, e hiahiatia ana te pūngao te. I roto i te waka hāngū meinga uruhanga whiriwhiri pūmua wāhi - takere motuhake. î te membrane e ratou i roto i. Ēnei takere hanga he ahua o te haere. Pūmua i o ratou āhuatanga Cl, Na, K. Ki whakaaro ki te rōnaki kukū, te rāpoi ngota kawea huānga kaupapa ki te pūtau i reira. Ki te whakamārama o te ritenga i reira ko te tuwhera o nga awa konutai katote. Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, timata ki te tomo tere te pūtau. tahi tenei e te tāne i roto i te pūmanawa membrane. Heoi, i muri i te ora ia. noho tuwhera i nga wa katoa awa pāhare pāporo. tomo katote te pūtau i roto i a ratou āta.

I roto i te mutunga

Kei raro he mahi poto, me te hanganga o te pūtau tipu. Kei hoki te tepu mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga me te huānga koiora.