Ko te tātai whānui mō ngā waiwaro rua. Āhuatanga me kiripuaki o ngā waiwaro rua

Ko te pūhui matū waro tino ohie ngā kukū me waiwaro hamanga. Ēnei ngā matū o ngā hopi Class, alkynes, ngā waiwaro rua.

Ko te tātai o e ngā hauwai me te waro ngota i roto i te raupapa motuhake, me te rahinga. E maha kitea ratou i roto i te natura.

Faaotiraa o waiwaro rua

Ētahi atu ratou ingoa - ranei waiwaro olefins ethylene. Kei te pera ka karanga te reira i te piha haapiiraa o pūhui kaha i roto i te rau tau 18, ka whakatuwhera hinuhinu wai - ethylene pūhaumāota.

Na roto i te waiwaro rua, he matū tito o te waro me te hauwai huānga. no ratou ki te waiwaro acyclic. He hakari enei rāpoi ngota rua anake (hamanga) here honotanga te ngota waro rua ki ia atu.

waiwaro rua tātai

Ia piha o pūhui he ti'araa matū. Ko te tohu Ko āhuatanga o te pūnaha wā tohu te hanganga me te hanganga o te hononga o ia taonga.

Ko te tātai whānui o ngā waiwaro rua denoted e whai ake: C _n H _2n, kei hea he nui atu rite ki 2. ranei te tau n Ki te taea te kite deciphering reira e ia ngota waro kua ki te ngota hauwai e rua.

waiwaro rua rāpoi tātai o te raupapa huirua kanohi e te hanganga e whai ake nei: C ₂ H _4, C ₃ H _6, C ₄ H _8, C ₅ H _10, C ₆ H _12, C ₇ H _14, C ₈ H _16, C ₉ H _18, C ₁₀ H _20. Ka taea te kite te reira e kei ia pūwaro ngā tetahi atu waro i te 2 me te ake hauwai.

He he he tohu wāhi kauwhata me te tikanga o pūhui matū i waenganui i ngā ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota, e whakaatu ana te tātai hanganga o ngā waiwaro rua. Ki te awhina o honohono, tohua e te waro me te hauwai.

kia whakaaturia tātai hanganga ngā waiwaro rua i roto i te puka whakawhānui, ka whakaaturia, nga āhuatanga matū katoa me ngā hononga. e kore te te faaiteraa atu poto whakaaturia pūhui olefins waro me te hauwai e te tikanga o te honohono,.

Tātai a faataa kōhiwi te hanganga māmā. raina Broken tohu te turanga o te rāpoi ngota i roto i nei e te aroaro ngota waro me ona tihi me pito, me ngā hononga ira hauwai.

Ka rite ki nga olefins hāhi

I runga i te nomenclature nahanaha, tātai me ingoa o ngā waiwaro rua i waiwaro riro te hanganga e pā ana ki waiwaro kukū. Ki te mahi i tenei i roto i te ingoa o te pīmuri whakamutunga -ko whakakapi e -ilen -en ranei. He tauira ko te hanganga o te pūwaro-butylene me pēwaro i pēwaro.

Hei tohu i te whanaunga tūnga ki te hononga rua o ngā ngota waro tohua i roto i ngā tau Arabic i te mutunga o te ingoa.

I te ngakau o te ingoa waiwaro rua ko te ti'araa o te waiwaro me te mekameka roa i roto i nei i reira ko te here rua. I roto i tīmatanga tatau te mekameka e te nuinga tīpakohia whakamutunga i te mea tata ki te pūhui hamanga, ngota waro.

Ki te he manga e tohu Radicals ingoa me te tau, a ki te hoatu ki a ratou mati wahi hāngai i roto i te mekameka waro te tātai hanganga o ngā waiwaro rua. Aru e te ingoa o te pūwaro. I muri e te nuinga o nga tau hoatu he tohuhono.

He hamanga ririki tuwhena. Ka taea e ratou ingoa e mama i hanga e nga ture o te nomenclature nahanaha ranei.

Hei tauira, tuku NSC = CH- ethenyl vinyl ranei.

poinanaha

e kore ai waiwaro rua tātai rāpoi tohu te poinanahatanga. Heoi, hoki tenei piha haapiiraa o matū, anake te ethylene rāpoi ngota rerekētanga mokowā tūturu.

Ka taea e hei poinanaha waiwaro ethylenic i runga i te kōhiwi waro, o interclass tūranga kōrero hamanga mokowā ranei.

Ko te tātai whānui o ngā waiwaro rua whakatau te nui o te waro me te hauwai ngota i roto i te mekameka, engari e kore e whakaatu i te aroaro me te wāhi o te here rua ki roto. He tauira ko te cyclopropane rite te ripeka-piha poinanaha C ₃ H ₆ (propylene). Ētahi momo o te poinanahatanga, kua whakaaturia i C ₄ H ₈ rua pūwaro ranei.

puta tūnga kōrero hamanga Miscellaneous i roto i te rua pūwaro-1 ranei rua pūwaro-2, i roto i te take tuatahi, ko tata te ngota waro tuatahi he hononga rua, a i roto i te tuarua - i roto i te waenganui o te mekameka. Ka taea te whakaaro poinanaha o kōhiwi waro mo te tauira methylpropene (CH ₃ -C (CH ₃₎ = CH ₂₎ me te isobutylene _((CH3) 2c = CH _2).

rerekētanga mokowā tūturu rua pūwaro-2 me cis-trans tūranga. I roto i te take tuatahi e kei ngā rōpū taha i runga a raro ki runga ki te tapahanga waro ki te here rua i roto i te rua o nga substituents poinanaha kei i runga i te taha ki taua.

Āhuatanga o olefins

Ko te tātai whānui mō ngā waiwaro rua whakatau te huru tinana o ngā mema katoa o tenei piha. Tīmata a whakamutu ki ethylene butylene (C ₂ ki C _4), te tīariari matū i roto i te puka haurehu waihā. Na ewaro taekore he kakara sweetish, memehatanga iti i roto i te wai, rāpoi taimaha iti iho i taua o te hau.

I roto i te puka wai, te aroaro waiwaro wā huirua i C ₅ ki C _17. Timata ki te waiwaro rua ia i roto i te mekameka matua o 18 ngota waro, he whakawhitinga o te kāwanatanga tinana i roto i te puka mārō.

hopohopo olefins katoa memehatanga rawakore i roto i te pāpāho waiwai, engari pai i roto i te āhua organic o te whakarewa, pērā i benzene penehīni ranei. he iti iho i taua o te wai ratou taimaha rāpoi. Te whakanui ake i te ahu waro mekameka ki te hua i roto i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana i te rewa, me te koropupu ngā o enei pūhui.

āhuatanga olefins

waiwaro rua tātai hanganga whakaatu te aroaro o te here rua i roto i te kōhiwi, me σ- o π- honotanga ngota waro rua. Tenei hanganga o te rāpoi ngota whakatau ona āhuatanga matū. whakaaro Whakawhitwhiti-π te ki kia kore rawa kaha, taea reira ki te whakangaro i te hanganga o rua hou here-σ, e kua whiwhi rite ki te hua o te hono i te rua o ngā ngota. Ko te waiwaro hamanga he kaituku irahiko. tango ratou wahi i roto i te tukanga o electrophilic hononga momo.

He taonga matū nui o ngā waiwaro rua ko te tukanga kōnakonakotanga ki te tuku o pūhui taua matū digalogenoproizvodnym. Ka taea te piri ngota kōnakonako ki te pūhui e ngā waro rua. He tauira ko te bromination o propylene ki te hanga i te 1,2-dibromopropane:

H ₂ C = CH-CH ₃ + Br ₂ → BrCH ₂ -CHBr-CH _3.

Tenei tae tukanga neutralization i roto i te pūkeha wai waiwaro rua whakaaro taunakitanga kounga o te aroaro o te here rua.

tauhohe nui olifinov pā ana hydrogenation ki te tua o ngā rāpoi ngota hauwai i raro i te mahi o te konganuku whakakōkī pērā i konukawata, palladium nika ranei. Nā tēnei, i roto i te waiwaro ki te here kukū. ngā hopi tātai, e hoatu i raro ngā waiwaro rua i roto i te hydrogenation o rua pūwaro:

CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + H ₂ → CH ₃ ^Ni -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3.

Ko te tukanga o hono rāpoi kōnakonako huaina olefins
gidrogalogenirovaniem e haere ana na te tikanga, tuwhera Markovnikov. He tauira ko te hydrobromination o propylene ki te hanga i 2-bromopropane. Kei te hono te reira ki te hauwai-waro here rua, whakaaro nei ko te tino hydrogenated:

CH ₃ -CH = CH ₂ + HBr → CH ₃ -BrCH-CH _3.

wai waiwaro rua tua tauhohe ki te waikawa mohiotia te rite Hydration. Ko te hua ko te rāpoi ngota o te waipiro 2-waihā pōwaro :

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + H ₂ E → CH ₃ -OHCH-CH _3.

A, no te kitea ki ngā waiwaro rua puta pungatara tukanga waikawa sulfonation:

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + HO-Oso-OH → CH ₃ -CH ₃ CH-Oso ₂ -OH.

puta te tauhohenga ki te hanganga o ngā hākawa waikawa, hei tauira, te waikawa izopropilsernoy.

Waiwaro rua haria ki te hāora i roto i to ratou parariraa raro i te mahi o te hāora ki te hanga i te wai, me te hauhā:

2CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + 9O ₂ → 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O.

Ko te tauhohenga o ngā pūhui olefinic me te pāhare pāporo memeha i roto i te otinga homai ara ki te glycols hanganga waiwaihā dihydric ranei. Kei te oxidising hoki tenei tauhohenga ki te hanga i ethylene glycol me otinga bleaching:

3H ₂ C = CH ₂ + 4H ₂ E + 2KMnO ₄ → 3OHCH-CHOH + 2MnO ₂ + 2KOH.

kia whai wāhi rāpoi ngota waiwaro rua i roto i te polymerization ki te tikanga tuwhena cationic-anionic ranei free. I roto i te take tuatahi, i raro i te mana o peroxides whiwhi momo polyethylene polymer.

E ai ki te rua i te huarahi kaiwhakakökï cationic ko nga āpiha waikawa me anionic e polymer organometallic ki tohatoha stereoselective.

He aha te waiwaro tahi

E huaina ratou paraffins ranei te whakawhāiti i waiwaro acyclic. E ratou he rārangi hanganga branched ranei, e kei anake here kotahi kukū. ngā mema katoa o te raupapa huirua i o tenei piha haapiiraa te tātai C _n H _2n whānui _{+ 2.}

I roto i to ratou hanganga kei waro me te hauwai ngota anake. Ko te tātai whānui o te momotuhi kukū waiwaro waiwaro rua i hanga.

Ko nga ingoa o waiwaro, me o ratou āhuatanga

Ko te māngai māmā o tenei piha ko mewaro. Aru e matū pērā i te ewaro, pōwaro me te pūwaro. Ko te pūtake o to ratou ingoa ko te pakiaka o te whika i roto i te reo Kariki, ki te tāpiri i te -ko pīmuri. ingoa waiwaro tahi e whakarārangitia i roto i te nomenclature IUPAC.

Ko te tātai whānui mō ngā waiwaro rua, alkynes, waiwaro tahi ngā rua anake ngā momo o ngota. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te waro huānga me te hauwai. ngā ōrite, kitea te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i ngā akomanga e toru katoa te rerekē anake i roto i te maha o te hauwai e taea te piri uru ranei. waiwaro o kukū whiwhi pūhui hamanga. Ko te māngai o te paraffins roto i roto i te rāpoi ngota he 2 hauwai ngota nui atu i te olefin, e haapapu i te tātai whānui o ngā hopi, waiwaro rua. whakaaro hanganga waiwaro rua te tika ki te aroaro o hamanga here rua.

Ki te whakarite tatou i te maha o te hauwai me te waro ngota i roto i te waiwaro tahi, ka te whakaritea te uara mōrahi ki ētahi atu akomanga o waiwaro.

Mai te mewaro me te whakamutu pūwaro (C ₁ ki C _4), te tīariari matū i roto i te puka haurehu waihā.

I roto i te puka wai, te aroaro waiwaro wā huirua i C ₅ ki C _16. Mai waiwaro tahi ia i roto i te mekameka matua o 17 ngota waro, he whakawhitinga o te kāwanatanga tinana i roto i te puka mārō.

E āhuatanga ratou i te poinanahatanga o te kōhiwi waro me whakarerekētanga optical o te rāpoi ngota.

E whakaaro ana te valences paraffins waro tino nohoia ngā waro pātata hauwai ranei ki te hanga i te hononga σ-momo. Mai i te hi'oraa matū, tenei ai ratou āhuatanga ngoikore, i te mea he aha e huaina waiwaro tahi rohe waiwaro kukū ngaro pakuwha ranei.

tomo ratou ki tauhohenga whakauru e pā ana ki te kōnakonakotanga e te sulfochlorination momo nitration tuwhena rāpoi ngota ranei.

Paraffins mamae he tukanga o te piti hāora, ngingiha whāwehe ranei i pāmahana teitei. I raro i nga accelerators mahi tauhohenga wāhinga puta he ngota hauwai dehydrogenation ranei o waiwaro.

He aha te mea alkynes

e karangatia ano ratou waiwaro acetylene, i roto i te mea reira i roto i te mekameka here reatoru te waro. Ko te hanganga o te waiwaro toru whakaahuatia e te tātai C whānui _n H _{2 n-2.} Ka taea te kite te reira i e i roto i te taa ki waiwaro tahi i waiwaro acetylenic kāore wha ngota hauwai. whakakapi ratou te here reatoru, i hanga e rua hononga π-.

Tenei hanganga whakatau nga āhuatanga matū o tenei piha. Ko te tātai hanganga o ngā waiwaro rua me alkynes whakaatu unsaturation o nga rāpoi me te aroaro o te rua (H ₂ C꞊CH ₂₎ me te takitoru (HC≡CH) hononga.

alkynes Ingoa me o ratou āhuatanga

Ko acetylene HC≡CH ranei te māngai māmā. Kei te tuku ano hoki te reira ki rite ethynyl. mai te reira i ingoa o waiwaro kukū, i nekehia te -ko pīmuri me tāpiri -i. I roto i te ingoa o te ahua roa-waiwaro toru tohu te wāhi o te here, takitoru.

E matau te hanganga o te pūwaro kukū me hamanga, e taea te whakaritea i te reira i raro i te reta tohu te tātai whānui mō alkynes: he) CnH2n; he) CnH2n + 2; c) CnH2n-2; g) CnH2n-6. Ko te whakahoki tika he tuatoru te kōwhiringa.

Tīmata i te pūwaro acetylene, me te mutu (C ₂ ki C _4), he haurehu waihā i roto i te āhua matū.

I roto i te waiwaro puka wai he wā huirua i C ₅ ki C _17. Tīmata ki waiwaro toru ia i roto i te mekameka matua o 18 ngota waro, he whakawhitinga o te kāwanatanga tinana i roto i te puka mārō.

E āhuatanga ratou i te poinanahatanga o te kōhiwi waro, i runga i te Tūnga o kōrero takitoru me interclass whakakē rāpoi ngota.

Na roto i te āhuatanga matū rite waiwaro acetylenic waiwaro rua.

Ki te kāpeka te here reatoru waiwaro toru, mahi ratou ki te hanga i te waikawa tai mahi alkinidov, hei tauira, NaC≡CNa. Ko te aroaro o te rua π-here hanga te muingota he konutai nucleophile kaha atsetiledina tomo ki tauhohenga whakauru.

chlorinated Acetylene te i roto i te aroaro o te parahi pūhaumāota ki te whiwhi dichloroacetyl, tōhau i raro i te mahi o te rāpoi diacetylenic tuku haloalkynyl.

whai wāhi Alkynes i roto i ngā tauhohenga tua electrophilic, te parau tumu e niu nei i te kōnakonakotanga gidrogalogenirovaniya, hydration me carbonylation. Heoi, he ngoikore atu e o ngā waiwaro rua ki te here rua taua tukanga.

Ka taea e hoki waiwaro acetylenic nucleophilic tua tauhohe o te momo waipiro rāpoi ngota, he Amen tuatahi sulfide ranei.