Ko te waka ātea 'Tautoru ": whakaahuatanga, hītori

Kua tae te heke mai. haere Space me kaipuke interplanetary, teihana mo te iwi i runga i te marama me Mars me noho tangata auroa i roto i ngā āhuatanga wāhi kore titiro te wawata. Whakatutukitanga astronautics, te hōpara ātea kua hanga me te āhuatanga hou i physicists te timatanga o to tatou rau, te ahua o te mutunga o te whakamutunga mo te Internet. Time o papû ore, te whanaketanga o te whakaaro auaha me te mooni pūtea. Tuhinga o kamupene ao e mahi i roto i te mara o te kaupapa hangarau wāhi mai me te haere, homai he kai mo te whanaketanga o te whakaaro auaha. Whakatinana i te mooni o waimarie i runga i nga mea katoa. kaupapa wāhi American kaipuke wāhi "Tautoru" Kua riro te mooni. I reira, te tahi atu kaupapa, nga opuaraa o te hōpara ātea, ka tuku ki roto i tenei tuhinga.

tuwhera General

"Tautoru" - he kaipuke wāhi o te whakatupuranga hou, ko tona misioni - ki te kawe iwi tua atu āmio o te whenua. Rite rawa ki whakanohoia hangarau hou capsule mati kei i runga i te waka whakarewatanga Delta IV Taumaha, ka kawe i te waka o ono astronauts me kua i roto i 2030 ka peia te tangata ki Mars. Ko nga mahere wewete e National Aeronautics me Space Whakahaere (NASA) enei.

I roto i Hakihea 2014 te waka ātea "Tautoru" noho 4.5 haora i roto i te ohuraa whenua, a ka u i roto i te Pacific Ocean, whakamatautau te taea o te whakatutukitanga o ngā mahere. i whakamatauria pai te Heat whakangungu rakau capsule me te pūnaha hekerangi. utu whakamātautau Crash e pā ana ki $ 350 miriona, engari hinga ratou poto o te tūmanako o te hapori ao i runga i te kaipuke wāhi "Tautoru". Photos me ngā ataata nohoia he wa roa te wāhi o te pāpāho me te aro o te hapori ao. omaki Index ki e waru mano ki te record 18.300 tono o kaitono mo te astronauts i runga i te kaipuke wāhi "Tautoru". Kua kohia kaipuke whakarewa te kiriata i roto i te ataata e hautū tau record whakaaro.

Na tawhiti, te tino tino-

Hangaia i roto i te ahua me te ahua o te "Apollo", tenei kaipuke ko te whakatupuranga hou o te waka ātea maha-topu (Maha-Taumu'a Crew Vehicle). Mai te waenganui-2000, topu wahi mati waka ātea hangaia i raro i te hōtaka wāhi hao te US 'Constellation'.

Ko te waka ātea 'Tautoru "ngā o te capsule mati, me te topu, me te kōwae mahi. hanga te capsule te o te kaporeihana Aerospace Lockheed Martin mō te tono NASA. I whakahau Kōwae e te Pākehā Space Agency (ESA), a hua ia i roto i te kamupene o Airbus Paruru me Space. Ko te kaupapa mahi tahi te ao nui i roto i te mara o te pahi wāhi.

I roto i te motuhake puna taipitopito te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga hangarau o te rererangi. Hoki te kaipānui ohie he mōhiohio cumbersome me kerekere whakaahua i te waka ātea 'Tautoru'. Hoahoa me te whakamahi o te "Tautoru" kua he maha o ngā āhuatanga motuhake, me te ki runga e noho ana tatou.

"Tautoru", "Aporo", shuttles me ētahi atu

Āhua ka te hanga rite ki te capsules "Apollo" me Russian "Soyuz". Ko he tino pai tenei puka ina putaatu koe te huru me te kaupapa i roto i reira. Absorption o te wera i te taikaha puta i te tikanga o te ablative whakangungu rakau wera, e te tata rawa tahuna i roto i te ūnga, me te ngāwari whakakapi mo te rere hou.

E hāngai ana te pūnaha mana kei runga i kotahi-matua pūtukatuka PowerPC 750FX, i arahina te pāpāho ki te whakapuaki e kore te mea mātau atu smartphones o tenei ra te "Tautoru". Otiia faataa nga ngā ratou whiriwhiri o pūnaha o te tika raraunga teitei i raro i wiri tino, piki me te pāmahana, me te radiation rangi.

Ko te waka ātea 'Tautoru' kua tetahi kounga auaha. E ai ki te parau tumu o kōwae e taea te piri ki te tetahi kaipuke. Na roto i te engines atu ki te kawe compartments. Ko te pāpāho i huaina tonu reira "taraka wāhi".

I roto i te rerekē ki te Space Shuttle, hangaia rite te rakau wāhi, rite rawa kaipuke wāhi "Tautoru" te ki te wahi, rite te pūnaha kaha o te tiaki me te faaora o astronauts i te tīmatanga. Ko te pūnaha huri aunoa i runga i nga engines tākirirangi, ka ratou kawe i te waka i te rohe pahūtanga me te whakarato taunga tikanga.

Ko te "Tautoru": te timatanga

whanau te hōtaka, ka karanga "Tautoru" i i roto i San Diego i 1958 i roto i te hohonu o te u "General Atomics» (General Atomics). Ona matua - te ahupūngao rongonui karihi Frederick Hoffman, tahi kaituhi-e Theodore Taylor. Ko te whāinga whakatakotoria ratou mo ratou, - ngā cheap me ngāwari ki te whakawhanake i waka ātea taea o tere tata ki te tere o te marama. Ko te pūtake o te kaupapa ko te pini tākirirangi taikaha karihi. whakaarohia ratou ki te whakakapi maitai ruma pahūtanga ki te whakangungu rakau, e ka tae tonu hihiko motuhake me te auau rere ki runga ki te 10 000 km / s. utu Nuclear ki te kaha ki te kotahi kaupapa kilotons tuha i te kaipuke, a piti 60 mita i te whakangungu rakau i te etahi wā wā.

Ko te "Tautoru": te ara pakeke

I hangaia i te torutoru tauira taua pushers, a kua i roto i 1959 te whakamātautau tuatahi ki te whakarewatanga o te tāutanga i te teitei o te 100 mita. whakapumautia Pulse Motor te taea o te rere paturu. Te whakangungu rakau hoki he huringa pehia, a ki runga ki te mata, i whakaritea e te reira ki te rehu graphite hinu.

I hangaia te hōtaka mō te 12 tau, me te utu o $ 24 piriona. e kore te NASA tautokona ka te kaupapa ki te toko karihi, ka katia te hōtaka i. I muri te takiuru i roto i 1964 o te tiriti te ao ki te whakakorehia pakū karihi i wāhi, te huru me te whenua "Tautoru" kaupapa tahuri tahae.

Ki a ia hoki i roto i te 2000 hei wāhanga o te hōtaka o te whanaketanga o topu waka ātea "Constellation". Whanaketanga me te hanga kamupene tēra Lockheed Martin. Na ka pai te rere i te tuatahi "Tautoru" waka ātea, me te u i roto i 2014. Kua tika ai NASA ratou tumanako.

"Tautoru": te tumanako hoki te heke mai

I roto i te Maehe 2017, kotahi whakaaetia te US Congress he pūtea NASA o $ 19.1 piriona mō te 2018 - tata $ 200 piriona neke atu i te whakamutunga tau.

I roto i te Congress, pü te pire e kia hei iwi i runga i te mata o Mars i 2030.

Well, he akiaki, me te reka ki te wātea o ngā whai wāhitanga pūtea nga opuaraa o te kaupapa "Tautoru". Tīmata anō te waka ātea ki te ohuraa e inumia hoki 2018, a muri mai riro e rave rahi tau te misioni topu. Kei te mahi i te pokapū i runga i te faaineineraa, me te whanaketanga o ngā hōtaka hou.

opuaraa no te hangarau

e kore e NASA tu tonu, a ka whakaaro te kaupapa ngā o te haere interstellar. Ahakoa te tino pohara: kaupapa nanokorabley, whaiaro whakaora-hea i roto i te tupuni, rā taiaho ranei.

Mai te 1990, fakahoko te pokapū wänanga i runga i te rangahau i roto i te mara o te toko wāhi, te wahi whakaaro nga physicists pai me Engineers kaupapa me ariā katoa. Kei te rapu i te hōtaka mo te pakaruhanga o tinana parau tumu opuaraa o ahupūngao aronui i te whakahaere o te haere interstellar.

Ko te kaupapa tino faahiahia - ko ki te whakamahi i Antimatter hei puna pūngao mō te haere intergalactic. Kua riro te taata kua anti-mea, a tae noa kitea he ara ki te rokiroki i te reira. He aha e kore rere ki runga reira ki nga whetu?

opuaraa Fantastic: pipe Krasnikova

e kore te mea pera fantastic "te pūkaha o curvature" o te raupapa tuuaki-fi "Star Trek". Power tipu "pūkaha Alcubierre" kōpeke wāhi-wā i roto i te mua o me muri whakawhānui reira, whakamatauria takahi. Mai 2012, taua whanaketanga e Sydney University pūtaiao.

Ko te whakaaro o tona "mirumiru wā" whakaputaina Mikel Alcubierre i 1994. He tau i muri mai ahupūngao i Moscow Sergey Krasnikov theorized e pā ana ki te pūrere e ka whakarato haere wāhi i te tere ki runga ake i te tere o te marama.

Tenei curvature o te wāhi i runga i te "wormhole" hanga āwenewene. E ai ki tona ariā, ka hoki mai te kaipōkai i te wa ano, ka haere ia i runga i te haere. Tenei ka tupu tika ki te waka ātea nekehanga i roto i te tahi atu āhuatanga, me te kōpiko wāhi-wā.