Ko te wero ki te taha o te ōhanga o te whakatau. Tātai hoki i te ōhanga ki te whakatau i te mau tamataraa

I teie mahana, e ako tatou ki te whakaoti rapanga ngā i roto i economics i ahumahi rerekē. Ka waiho i te rauemi whai hua mō te hunga e kua tika tīmata ki te ako economics (a tae noa te hunga e hiahia tika i roto i reira), me te iwi nei e matau kua pehea ki te whakaoti rapanga, me te mahi i te reira te pai. I muri i te katoa, e kore he rawa nui whakangungu, me te tāruarua - te whaea o te akoranga. Otiia i mua i te whakaaturanga, me pehea ki te whakaoti i tenei ranei ko e raruraru i roto i te ohaoha, ka korero ki te pehea ka anga te reira katoa.

kōrero

He he he pūtaiao katoa, e kiia nei ko "hītori Economic". tirohia te reira i pehea kua puta ke whanaunga ohaoha i waenganui i te iwi i runga i te wā, me te pehea ka tenei pūtaiao he aha tatou e kite i reira i teie nei. Ki te whakaaro koe e pā ana ki reira, e riro te reira kitea e te pūtaiao ōhanga mai nga wa onamata a tawhio noa tatou. Hei tauira, ara i roto i te hapori i tahito ra i reira ko te pera-ka karanga "hokohoko" - e ko, iwi kua puta ke o ratou taonga ki tetahi atu, kahore te whakamahi i te moni. Āta reira ko te ōrite moni, takaro e koura. Noa nei, kua tata maha whenua rāhui o te ōrite koura. Tuatahi, te koura, me te tahi atu konganuku utu nui, āhua ki ingots, engari ka i roto i Kariki tawhito me Roma i tahito timata minting moni. Moni mo te wa roa wehea ki te koura, te hiriwa me te parahi. I roto i te mutunga ka haere matou ki te moni e e te kitenga i teie nei.

momo o ngā raruraru

Kia titiro tatou nga momo e tatou i teie nei, a ka tauira, me te whakaoti rapanga i runga i te ōhanga, te pahonoraa ki e taea te kitea i te mutunga o te tuhinga. Hei timata ki matou e matau, he aha momo o ngā raruraru e. E kitea e ratou i te ahumahi, i roto i ia o nei ki tona tātai tātai. Te wehewehe i te ōhanga o te hinonga, ohaoha mahi, tatauranga ōhanga, whänui me Microeconomics. Kia kōrero o te bit e pā ana ki enei ahumahi katoa.

Hei timata E hi'opoa tatou i tenei rängai, kia rite ki te ōhanga o te whakahaere. Raruraru ki te rongoā ka taea e kitea e koe i raro.

ohaoha Pakihi

Ko e pā ana tata ki te tonotono me Microeconomics tēnei wāhanga. Ngā Akoranga Pakihi Economics te hanganga, ina koa te huringa production, te hanganga o ngā rawa pūmau me te whakapaipai mahi, te whakawhanake i te rautaki mo te hanga me te whakahaere whānui o ngā te whakahaere. Ko te whāinga matua o tenei rāngai ko ki te whakatutuki i te pai mōrahi i utu iti, me te te arotautanga o ngā mahi production. hoki Ngā Akoranga Pakihi Economics nga mahi o te kamupene, me tona tūranga i roto i te mākete, tātari huarahi ki te whakapiki ake i me te ū moni. kia whanau te reira i roto i te ngakau, ka hei whakaoti rapanga i runga i tenei kaupapa.

I roto i te meka, kahore he mea uaua ki te mārama me pēhea te te ōhanga mahi whakahaere. Raruraru ki rongoā, i te ara, ka taea e kitea e koe i te iti o raro.

ohaoha mahi

Ka taea e tatou te mea e, tenei rohe ko te huinga o te tetahi o mua, engari e kore te mea pono tenei. Reipa Economics tātari te mākete mahi, kua ako te pāhekoheko o ngā kaimahi, me te kimi. Tenei te hoki, o te akoranga, he wahi nui o te pūtaiao e hiahia ki te kia ako. he tūranga matua i roto i te whakahaere hinonga Reipa Economics nui. I muri i te katoa, kahore e kore ai kaimahi e te hanga o taonga.

tatauranga ōhanga

te mahi tēnei wāhanga ki te ako o ngā raraunga tatauranga me ngā tukanga ōhanga. I roto i te wahi ariā o te tatauranga e hāngai ana i runga i te ariā ohaoha, me te tātari i te tukanga i roto i tetahi rohe ki te awhina o ona ture. E āta hono ana te reira ki te tātari ōhanga me tatauranga pāpori-tatauranga.

macroeconomics

Ko te kaupapa o te ako o macroeconomics he nui ngā take ōhanga, me ngā. Kei te hangaia te reira ki te tātari me te tāutu i ngā tauira i roto i tohu pērā i te tapeke moni motu, te taumata o ngā utu me te mahi. I roto i te meka, fakatahai reira nga tukanga kaitahi me akono ratou i roto i te whānui. Na reira, e taea te tono i roto i te tahi mau wāhanga mō te hīraurau hopanga huarahi macroeconomic.

Microeconomics

Ka taea te whakaaro tātari Microeconomic rite te taputapu e āwhina ki te whakamārama pēhea te ki te hanga whakatau ōhanga whakahaere i te taumata i raro. Ki te titiro Macroeconomics rongoā i te taumata teitei, hei tauira, i te taumata kāwanatanga, faati'a te reira tātaritanga o Microeconomics i te taumata o te kamupene ngā.

Tātai mō te Economy

Hei whakaoti i te raruraru, e hiahia ana matou etahi matauranga ariā me ngā tātai. Ka taea e tatou wehea ratou e tono ahumahi, ka tīmata ki te ōhanga hinonga. Kia tīmata a ki te tohu te moni. E whakaatu ana te reira e founga ki te pā ki ia atu, me te pai toharite o te uara hinonga o rawa pūmau. Pāngarau, Ka taea te faaite tenei rite: R = P / SSG. Ko te whakahoki tatou whiwhi i roto i te hautau o te kōwae, me te mea e hiahia ana tatou ki te tiki i te ōrau o te moni, he mea e tika ana ki te tini i te uara hua e 100%. Ano, whakaaro pērā āhuatanga rite whakapaipai hua (Fotd) Fondoomkost (Fomk) me Fondovooruzhonnost (Fvoor). Ko hoki ratou tātaitanga kore uaua: Fotd = N / SSG, te wahi N - te rōrahi o hoko; Fomk = 1 / Fotd; Fvoor = SSG / Chrab wahi "Chrab" - te maha o ngā kaimahi (te toharite).

I roto i te tātai maha, ngā wā puta SSG - te utu ā-tau toharite o te mahi whakapaipai. Me pēhea te ki te tātai i te reira? He he he tātai tino māmā: Cn = SSG + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (M-12) / 12. Kia titiro tatou ki ta ia uara ngā. "C" - ko te utu tuatahi o te mahi whakapaipai, "SS" - te uara o ngā rawa tomo, "Ipu o te Ao" - te maha o nga marama ka tomo te mahi o ngā rawa pūmau i roto i te tau, "Rahurahu" - te uara toremi. Ko reira ano hoki e taea ki te tango i te rawa o te tātai māmā ahau marama hāunga tikanga taketake: SSG = (CGS-Kihi) / 2. Cis konei - e kore te Commonwealth o Independent States, me te uara o ngā rawa pūmau i te timatanga o te tau, me te SCG - aua, i te tau-mutunga.

Ano, ka hiahia tatou he tātai i te hekenga uara ā-tau. Kei te tatau te reira e te tātai: A = C * H _{Deprec PRIM} / 100. taea hoki te tātai auau hekenga uara i te tātai e rua: H = _Deprec (PST - LST): (Ap · PST) ai PST - uara tuatahi o taonga, LST - uara toenga, He - wā uara. tatau tētahi atu tātai kei te whakamahi i te ora o te rawa whakaritea: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100%.

More titiro i te tātai e ka whai hua mo ki tatou te whakaoti rapanga i roto i ohaoha mahi. Ko te tātai mō te whakatau i te rahi o te taupori mahi i te mutunga o tetahi wā (tango, hei tauira, te tau), ko e whai ake: H = H _{mutunga o te tīmatanga} + H ₁ -h ₂ - B _3. W konei _{te timatanga} - te maha o ngā kaimahi i te timatanga o te tau; B ₁ - te tokomaha o te iwi nei piri te tau mahi; Wāhanga ₂ - te tokomaha o te iwi nei i mate i roto i te wā; Part ₃ - Ko te maha o mutu taupori mahi-tau. He he ano hoki te tātai mō te hanga ā-tau o te kaimahi: I roto i te _god.rab. = I roto i _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab. Hea i roto i te _chas.rab. - Whanaketanga o te kaimahi ia haora (wae moni / tangata-haora.); t - roanga o te ra (haora); T - maha o nga ra ia tau o te mahi; I roto i te _v.rab. - te rahi o ngā kaimahi i roto i te kaimahi katoa.

tauira o ngā mahi

A feruri i te raruraru o te ōhanga o te hinonga ki rongoā. Na, tau raruraru 1: Te whakatau i te uara ā-tau toharite o rawa whakaritea e te tikanga o te raraunga whakaratohia. Raraunga mō rongoā:

i te timatanga o te tau te uara o te 15 000 mano moni ..

Ko te utu o te OS tomo: March - 200 mano moni ..

Pipiri - 150 mano moni ..

August - 250 mano moni ..

Utu o te OS faatuhaahia: February - 100 mano moni ..

Nuku - 300 mano moni ..

Rongoā: Ko te tātai hoki i te ōhanga ki te whakatau i te mau tamataraa e whai hua tatou. Te hinaaro nei matou fakalakalaka: (C -C _{ng kg)} / 2. Ki te _ng = 15 000 mano moni .; _{Ki te} C _g = 15 000 + 200 + 150 + 250 - 100 - 300 = 15 200 mano ..

Na CCV = (15000 + 15200) / 2 = 15 100 mano. Moni. Heoi, e kore e whiwhi tatou hua tika rawa, mai i IO OS kua pāhiwihiwi puta noa i te tau. Kia tātai fakalakalaka te tātai tuatahi: SSG = Cn + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (12-M) / 12 = 15 000 + (200 * 9/12 + 150 * 6/12 + 250 * 4/12) - (100 * 10/12 + 300 * 2/12) = 15 175 mano. moni.

Kia neke o runga ki tetahi atu mahi. Kei raro ko te wero ki te whakatau o te ōhanga hinonga, me te oti rawa ai ki te tätai i te hekenga.
Tūmahi №2:

i rite ki te 160 mano moni te utu tuatahi o te tahi mau whakaurunga rite o Hānuere 1, me te mahi tūturu - .. 3 tau.

E hiahiatia ana ki te tātai i te uara toenga me auau hekenga uara mo te rā kotahi, ngā e whakatupato i te hekenga uara te tikanga raina-tika. whakaaro te ora ratonga o rawa pūmau te ki kia 10 nga tau.

otinga:

kakahu tauwehe - te nui o te hekenga uara mo te wa katoa (arā, 3 tau). Ko te kupu, cushioning tātai ara rārangi: A = C * H _{Deprec PRIM} / 100. Kimihia te auau hekenga uara: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100% = (1/10) * 100% = 10%. Na te = 160 * 10/100 = 16 mano. Moni. Ka rite ki te whakaaro tatou i te nui o te hekenga uara mo nga tau te taua, te auau kākahu ki runga i tau e toru he rite ki: H = 3 * 16 = 48 mano moni ..

Reipa Economics: Ngā ki whakataunga

Kia neke o runga ki tetahi atu wāhanga. Kua matou kōrero kē te raruraru o te ōhanga o te hinonga, me rongoā e taea e koe te pānui i runga ake. A inaianei te reira te wā mō te mahi. Na te mahi tuatahi ki te whakatau i runga i te ōhanga, e ka titiro matou, ka whakatika i te taupori tau mahi.

Tūmahi №1:

Tātaihia te maha o te taupori taea-marohirohi i te mutunga o te tau, ki te reira he raraunga mo te tau o nāianei:

• te maha o te taupori taipakeke mahi i te timatanga o te tau - 60 miriona iwi.;.
• te tokomaha o te iwi mate i roto i te taupori mahi-tau - 0.25 miriona iwi.;.
• te maha o te iwi taitamariki nei i tae tenei tau o tau mahi - 2.5 miriona iwi.;.
• te tokomaha o nga tangata e kua mutu tenei tau - 1.5 miriona te iwi ..

Whakatau. Ko te kupu, te tono tatou i te tātai, kua whakaahuatia matou i runga - CH = CH _{mutunga runga} + H ₁ -h ₂ - H = 60 + ₃ 2.5 - 0.25 - 1.5 = 60,750,000 iwi ..

I roto i te whānui, ko te raruraru katoa ki te whakatau i runga i te ohaoha mahi tenei. Na kia titiro tatou te raruraru ki te putanga ā-tau.

Tūmahi №2: Te whakatau i te putanga ā-tau o te kaimahi.

Runga ake kōrero e matou te tātai mō te whakaoti i tēnei rapanga. Na te reira te wā ki te whakamahi i te reira: I roto i te _god.rab. = I roto i _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab.

kitea e tatou katoa o te uara o te tikanga. Whakawhanake i te haora mahi tukua te ki te faatura ki maha putanga matotoru o te tangata-haora, i.e. I roto i te _chas.rab. = 3800 / 908.6 = 4.2. Hei kitea i roto i te wa toharite o te ra, e hiahia ana matou ki te wehe i te maha o te tangata-haora i te maha o te tangata-ra. Katahi t = 908,6 / 117 = 7.8 haora. Na to tatou ki te kitea te tau whakarea o T, i te mea te roa o te tau e mahi ana, me te te tātai rite te ōwehenga o mano pau o te tangata-ra ki te maha o kaimahi. Hei kitea i roto i te maha o "workaholic", e ti'a ia tatou ki te whakapiki ake i to ratou wahi i roto i te katoa maha o ngā kaimahi. I muri i taua, ko reira ohie ki te tuhituhi i te tātai: T = 117 * 1000 / (580 * 0.824) = 244.8 ra.

Na Me tika tatou ki fetongi nga uara katoa i roto i te tātai. whiwhi tatou: I roto i te _god.rab. = 4,2 * 7,8 * 244,8 * 0,824 = 6608,2 den.edin. / Tangata.

He aha atu?

He tokomaha e fifili: ko te momo katoa o ngā raruraru ohaoha tenei? Ko te pera hōhā? Mau, e kore. Just te nuinga o nga fifi meinga ēnei wāhanga o te ohaoha: ohaoha o production, i nei te otinga o ngā raruraru ka titiro tatou ki roto i te timatanga, me te ohaoha mahi. He pera maha atu ahumahi, engari rite taua i reira he kahore tātai uaua, a rawa maha noa arorau taea ki te whakamahi i tetahi tetahi ture pāngarau ranei. Heoi, ka whai hua te katoa i te tai'oraa i mahi i roto i te ōhanga, me te whakatau. Hoki ngā ākonga, he mea nui rawa kia rite ki te whai wāhi kite te otinga nui whakahaere te māramatanga o te raruraru, me te kōrero pai ki te tangata tona ngako.

He aha atu e taea te pānui i poreshat i watea mo te pai te māramatanga o te kaupapa ranei? Manakohia mahi poreshat o kohinga Revenko NF o ōhanga hinonga. A e te mea pai ki te pānui i ngā pukapuka atu motuhake i runga i tetahi kaupapa ngā.

mutunga

Economy - he pūtaiao tawhito, me te nui rawa, me hoki rau tau maha i haere te reira i ringa i roto i te ringa ki te pāngarau. Ko tōna ture tukua tia'i mōrearea, huringa i roto i te āhuatanga i roto i te whenua, me te rite. Ki te mohio o te ohaoha te tangata, he mea pea kia ngaro i roto i nga wa o te raruraru i te kino pūtea rohe ranei. Ki te ki te whakapai ake i ō rātou mōhiotanga, he pea ki te whai hua i roto i te ora ratou, a ka āwhina i roto i te whakapai ake i te pūtea pai-oranga. O te akoranga, whakaaro matou tauira anake o te whakaoti rapanga i runga i te ōhanga, me e kore e auraa e ka titiro nga raruraru tūturu rite tenei. Ko te tikanga katoa i roto i te ora ake uaua, me te huanane. Na reira, ki te hiahia koe ki te waiho i runga i runga tonu, na ko te raruraru ki te whakatau o te ōhanga e kore koe te āwhina kia nui. He nui atu nui ki te kia atamai.