Ko wai e Megrels? Hea ora ratou, te reo, te ahurea

Nation Megrels - rōpū iti-iwi o Georgians, noho te nuinga i roto i te Samegrelo (Samargalo), kei roto i te uru Georgia. Kei a ia ko rohe whakahaere e whitu: Abasha, Senaki (whakaingoatia Tshakaysky raro ture Soviet), Khobi, Tsalenjikha, Chhorotskusky, Martvili (Gegechkorsky mua) ko Zugdidi. Region te pōrihanga ōrite, me te haunga o paerikiriki nui Russian-korero i roto i nga pa o Potiwhera, Zugdidi ko Senaki. ora tokomaha Mingrelians i te gali ko Ochamchire rohe o te Abkhazian motuhake Republic. kitea Gal e tokomaha hei wāhanga o Samegrelo.

tauwāhi

Taha Samegrelo te i runga i te raki e Abkhazia me rohe maunga o Svaneti. I roto i te rawhiti me te tonga ko te kawanatanga Hōriana o Imereti ko Guria, a i roto i te uru - te Moana Black. 4339,2 tapawha o te rohe katoa. e pā ana ki 1260 km ko te raorao awa, me maunga, me te toenga - ko te wāhi take puke me te maunga, te nuinga i roto i te raki (Tsalenjikha, Chhorotskusky ko Marvilsky wāhi). I mua rohe reporepo me raorao awa Rioni oneone taonga, e kua tupu ngā hua, tae atu ki te hiraka, citrus me te tupeka. I roto i te raorao āhuarangi pārū ki pāmahana mai i ngā uara ware Hakihea 4-5 ° C noa Hōngongoi 23-24 ° C. e kore e toetoe muri atu atu i te marama. I roto i ngā wāhi maunga makariri, ina koa i roto i te hotoke (-6 - -2 ° C i roto i Hānuere). Te ua ā-tau i roto i te Megrelia - i 1500 ki te 2300 mm.

tatauranga taupori

taupori Samegrelo i roto i te tau 1939 i mana 323.811 iwi. Ki te tua o te noho o Abkhazia me ētahi atu wāhanga o Georgia, tona iwi - Megrels, kia rite ki te tahi mau whakatau tata i tenei tau i roto i te tau 1941 i tata ki te 500 000. I te 1979, moni te taupori mōhiohio o te rohe ki te 405 500 tangata, ranei 10%. Taupori Hōriana. . 145 mano, 32% ranei, noho ana i roto i te 5 pa, me te 5 whakataunga nui ( "dadebi"), ētahi atu - i roto i te 370 kainga. I roto i te tatauranga 1926, i roto i nei motu "Megrels" kiia hoki motuhake, 242.990 iwi. tāutuhia ratou ratou rite Megrels me 284.834 kī e ko Mingrelian arero ratou whaea. Mai reira, kua whakahaere kahore tata mōhiohio.

hononga reo

pā ana Megrel ki Kartvelian (Tonga Caucasian) reo, me te he e kore tetahi mārama Georgian. Te nuinga o te Soviet mua, me etahi tohunga Western whakaaro Mingrelian, me ki Laz, he peka motuhake o te whānau ki te Tonga Caucasian, e mohiotia ana ko Megrelo-Chansk rōpū Zan ranei. pūtaiao Soviet Chikobava wehewehe i waenganui i rua mita tata Mingrelian: uru, Samurzakan-Zugdidi, me te rawhiti - Senaki. Kua kore te reo tuhituhi reo, a ahakoa korero reira Megrels i te kāinga, ka mau ratou Hōriana (Kartuli) rite tuhituhi. E kore kura reo, pukapuka me nūpepa, ahakoa i reira kua whakamātau wā ki te waihanga reo tuhituhi i te mutunga o te wā Soviet tsarist me wawe. Kua tonu kua Mingrelian tetahi o nga reo Caucasian Tonga tino kōrero. I teie mahana, te rangahau whānui o te pakiwaitara rohe. Ko te reo Hōriana ko te rota o te mahi me te kāwanatanga. Te tokomaha o te iwi whai Mingrelian, heke, a ka whakaaro te nuinga kāinga ratou Georgians.

He pōhēhē noa

Ētahi tautohe e Megrels - he Hurai Hōriana. O te akoranga, e kore te mea te reira. tae Hurai Hōriana i roto i te whenua i roto i 586 BC. e. ka noho, puta noa tona rohe. I roto i te 1971, ka anga ratou ratou Aliyah papatipu ki a Iharaira ka rite ki te hua o nei kua heke to ratou maha i 55 400 ki te 3200 iwi i roto i te 2010

Ko wai e Megrels?

Endonym "Margali," te mea ki te kia kitea i roto i te kupu Kariki Μάνραλοι, e Ptolemy i te II rau BC. e. Colchis iwi auraa. hītori Mingrelians e pā ana ki te rohe, i mohiotia ki nga Kariki onamata, me Roma rite Lasik ranei Colchis me Georgians uru rite te Egrisi. I roto i te rau tau XIV. riro te reira i te rangatiratanga pononga motuhake me ona whare ake o nga rangatira i huaina Dadiani Odishi. huaina te rohe ko Mingrelia anake i roto i te rau tau XIX. Kua kua tonu ia te wahi o nga ao ahurea me te tōrangapū Hōriana nui, te nuinga e tika ana ki te GOC. I te tahi taime, Heoi, ko Megrelia raro rerekē ngā awenga ahurea whakaritea ki Oriental Georgian (Kakhetinians me Kartlis) wehea i te rohe ki te hauauru (Imeretia) Leahy hiwi. i Kariki, Roma ko Byzantine Empire he pānga nui nui i runga i Western Georgia. I roto i te rau tau XVII. wehea te whenua i waenganui o Pahia, me te Ottoman Empire. Te wahi uru, tae atu Samegrelo, i kingi e nga tauranga, me te wahi ki te rawhiti o te Pahi. I wehea te hahi ano hoki ki e rua, a ka Samegrelo, i i ona ake miniti me tikanga tauārai, he taonga pononga, tae noa i te mutunga kawea ai i raro i te tiaki o Russia i 1804 hei rohe motuhake. Whakakahoretia ana tēnei tūnga i muri i te ngangaretanga peasants Mingrelian i 1856-1857 gg., riro ia te whakapaipai o te rohe o Zugdidi. I roto i te tau 1867, Whakakahoretia ana te Russian Empire i te rangatiratanga. I raro i te mana Russian ko kua he raruraru malaria nui kua faatiti'aifarohia e riringi i te waimaori. I roto i te wā i te tau 1918 ki te 1921. Kua Samegrelo kua wahi o motuhake Georgia. I roto i te tau 1921 ka reira wahi o te USSR.

Mō te hunga e Megrels henehene faaite e te meka i torutoru nga pakanga i roto i te mua i waenganui ia ratou me o ratou hoa. Ratou whakawhenumi ki te Georgians, ki te whakatere i te rau tau XIX i raro i te mana o te ao hou, i muri i i oti te mharahara Soviet. Ētahi ngana hawhe-ngakau ki te whakatū i rahua te mana motuhake o nga mua rohe. Whanaunga i waenganui i te Abkhaz me Megrels konatunatua i kino rohe tonga o Abkhazia kaupapa here Georgianisation, i puritia Mingrelian Lavrenty Peria i te tau 1940 me te 1950. Pakanga i waenganui i Georgian rohe (pai Megrels) me Abkhazians puta i roto i 1960 me 1970. I roto i te Hōngongoi 1989, ko te pakanga toto i roto i Abkhazia, meinga e nga whakaritenga o te Tuhinga o Abkhazia; Neke atu i te 20 te iwi i patua. He tino rerekē i te waho, me te reo Hōriana Megrels, ahua tinana, me te reo, paopao whakaaro o mana motuhake tōrangapū a tautoko te pakanga mo te rangatiratanga o Georgia.

whakataunga

Ahakoa te auau tiketike o tāone, te nuinga o Mingrelians ora i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua. kihai i te kiato nui o te taupori i roto i te mania tino ke te hanganga o whakataunga. Home, i reira ratou e ora Megrels, i to ratou ake iari taiepa me outbuildings, kei i etahi tawhiti i ia atu. kia whakawhānui i te kainga mo te maha o ngā kiromita. huaina whakataunga I mua i ngā rōpū tino iwi. I teie mahana, noho o te tupuna ngā he tonu e taea ki te ora i roto i te kotahi wahi o te kainga. tino pai ake whare, whakaritea ki tahito hanganga rakau oneone ranei o rau tau mua, pērā i Amhara, dzhargvala me godora. Te nuinga o Mingrelians tuawhenua tenei ra ora i roto i te rua-papa whare rakau, me te pereki ki whare moenga i runga i te rua o nga patunga witi me nga wāhi huihui (kīhini, pātaka) i runga i te whenua. I roto i Samegrelo 5 pa. Ko te nui rawa o ratou - Zugdidi, Poti ko Senaki - ko te ranunga o villas me complexes noho, arā, te nuinga o o ruma e rua i roto i te whare 5-6-papa.

ōhanga

Mō mea nei e Megrels ratou mahi ohaoha, e te matua e hāngai ana i runga i te ahuwhenua. I ngā wā, kai te noho Gomi (Panicum italicum) me, timata mai i te rau tau XVIII, te witi, e tenei ra tonu te hua matua, ahakoa arahina te oneone taonga me te āhuarangi pārū ki te whanaketanga o te production nui-tauine o tea me te citrus. i tukua Georgia te Soviet Union neke atu i te 90% o motu, me te 97% o te tea citrus, te nuinga o nei tupu i roto i Samegrelo. Poaka, he nui kararehe, me te hipi. I roto i Samegrelo ka whakawhanakehia wäina, te honi me te tiihi. Te whānau i roto i te kainga, ko te wae ōhanga taketake. Poti ko te tauranga nui. turanga Naval kei reira, hoki he wa roa i hanga katia te pa.

handicrafts

I ngā wā, whai wāhi te nuinga o ngā whānau i roto i Samegrelo i raranga o te hiraka me te miro. Hoki i whakawhanakehia kete raranga, uku me te hanga o oko rakau. Highlanders hanga whariki huruhuru me te kakahu. I teie mahana, tonu handicrafts iwi, ahakoa i runga i te tauine nui iti.

hokohoko

I mua Megrels Hōriana rongonui mo ratou hokohoko toi i runga i te rohe o te Moana Black. I teie mahana, te mana hokohoko e te kāwanatanga, ka kawea atu i roto i te toa i roto i te Western-kāhua, ahakoa i roto i ngā wāhi tāone katoa, i reira he mākete i tuwhera te rangi, me mākete tūmataiti roto, te wahi hoko kaipāmu rohe ratou hua.

wehenga o te mahi

I roto i te hapori patereareha tuku iho e tangohia Megrelia tane me te wahine 'ulungaanga rerekē rite te hoatu. I roto i te mua, fakamamafa'i te wehenga ira o mahi i i whanau, ka i whakaaetia te tamaiti ki te pa ki te parau, me te hoari, me nga kotiro - he huhimati, kutikuti ranei. He motuhake ngaahi fatongia ahuwhenua, ahakoa mahi e rua tangata, me nga wahine i roto i nga mara. whakamahi o roto, pērā i te tīhi-hanga, horoi, te tunu kai, te tiaki hoki ngā tamariki, me te raranga, i tata anake kawenga wahine. Tangata whai wāhi i roto i te uku, whatu kete, me te hanga oko kīhini, engari he wahine - a tonu whakaaro pera - ko te rangatira o te whare. I teie mahana, Kei te mahi tonu te sex ngoikore i roto i ohipa fare, i nga tangata e mahi hanga whare, te āwhina ki te hanga hoko me, ki etahi whānuitanga, tiaki o ngā tamariki. Girls i mua i te faaipoiporaa rave i te ohipa whare marama. Hua i roto i te maha o nga wahine mahi whakaatu ratou tika i roto i te kāinga.

tikanga whenua

I roto i te wā Soviet te whenua i roto i Samegrelo puritia e te kāwanatanga i roto i te puka o pāmu ngā. Iti mana whenua tūmataiti, uru huarākau me ngā māra huawhenua kua whakatau, ka maha nga ra i runga i ngā mahi ahuwhenua. I muri i te huringa o te kaha i roto i ngā pāmu Georgia noa i whakamararatia ka Karauna whenua.

hononga

Ko konei te rōpū tino nui o te whanaungatanga i te whare whānau whānui. Megrels takenga o tona ingoa, me te ngā meake marere. Ia hapu he ona ake tapu kaiwhakaruruhau me te tohu. Megrels ratou ingoa mutu i runga i - (he) -ya ahau me -ava. he patrilocal, patereareha, me te patrilineal Society. rārangi whanaungatanga e hāngai ana i runga i whanaunga whānau i waenganui i te tangata me te exogamous. I tua atu, i reira e nui te whanaungatanga horihori utuafare, pērā i te waiu, whanaungatanga tamariki nei i ū hoki kotahi wahine, ka karanga whanaungatanga (Ka taea hoki e e puta i roto i nga wahine), kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te mana o te godparents, ahakoa anake e noa tonu te rua whakamutunga . Ahakoa he maha nga wahine i te faaipoiporaa pupuri tona ingoa kotiro, tangohia te ingoa o te papa tamariki. Ētahi pūkenga whakaaro e tonu e taea te kitea nga āhuatanga ahurea o te aho matua o mua i roto i te hapori Hōriana, me te Megrelian, pera kitea i roto i te tahi mau tikanga karakia me ngā hanganga reo. Kua ahua ngoikore Mingrelian āhuatanga patereareha o te hapori, ina koa i roto i ngā wāhi tāone. Ko kore te ngaro o te kainga i toa te ati pāpori, te te hononga më āta whakakapi i te hononga whānau anake tane me kia tango i te wahi kahore tauhae pāpori noho ki ngā mātua o te wahine marena hou.

Faaipoiporaa e te utuafare

I ngā wā, whakaritea te faaipoiporaa i ara i te whanautanga o te tuakana o te wahine marena hou ranei tona matua keke whaea. E kore taea te marena tango i te wahi ki te i te tokorua kotahi ingoa, i hono i roto i whanaungatanga tāwhaiwhai ranei no ki te puninga kotahi. I tua atu i te take whakamutunga, noho whakahau i roto i te kaha i tenei ra. Te faaipoiporaa ki te käinga mawhiti, me te tamahine matamua e marena tonu te tuatahi. I roto i te kotahi tau i muri i te marena, e kore i taea e te rua putiputi kōrero ki ia atu i roto i te iwi whānui. Ko te tau toharite o te faaipoiporaa i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua ko 13 ki te 14 nga tau, a ka i manakohia wahine marena hou kāhaki, ngā e te maha kitea o ture matatini. e kore e marenatia Modern whakaritea, me ahakoa whiwhi tonu te rua marenatia wawe a hohoro i muri i te reira tamariki, i teie nei te tau iti ko 17 nga tau. E tika ana e noho wahine wahine tae noa ki te faaipoiporaa. Ko whakarere varavara te take, ina koa i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua, engari he mea ohie ki te whiwhi, ka e whakaaro nuitia ngä tika o te wahine i roto i tetahi takiwa, ka tiakina e te ture. e kore te mea he karakia karakia Official o te faaipoiporaa, engari maha faaipoipo faaipoipo i roto i te hahi. I muri i te patrilocality ruma marena. Ko te puka matua o te mana whanau ko materoto.

whare

mau utuafare nui ko te puna o te āwhina ōhanga, me te aronganui tahi. Ratou vilitaki tonu i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua Samegrelo, engari tenei kai, i roto i ngā, e pā ana ki teina faaipoipo, hoatu ara ki te iti ake whānau, e ngā tīpuna me teina takakau, me tuahine. whanaunga Katia ahu tonu ki te ora i roto i te tata. I roto i ngā wāhi tāone, i reira te mea i te haafifi ki te waihanga i tētahi whānau karihi.

kainga

Mua, whenua me te taonga i riro i roto i te raina tane, rawa i roto i nga teina, ahakoa wahine ano hoki i te tika ki etahi taonga tūmataiti whaiaro. ture Modern tautoko kainga më, ahakoa uaua wawao te kāwanatanga i roto i taua take, e kua whakaaro te kaupapa o ngā whakatau-hoa o te mema kua mate o te whare, me te whānau whānui. Kei te uaua unu Wills.

whakawhanaunga

Ko te pokapū o te ora te utuafare tamariki. Kids uaua whiua i te pae tino. I roto i te mua, kawea mai tamariki i runga i roto i te ara taua ki te ū ki te tūranga ira tangata tuku iho. E akiakitia ana te tamariki rigidity me te kaha ki te eke i te hoiho, ki te hopu ki te Pū; kotiro rite hoki riko. I tino kitea te mana o te papa, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te faatura mō ngā mātua me kui kuo pekiá. Enei tauira, i roto i nei i whakakapi i te hoiho i waka, tonu tonu tenei ra, me to ratou whakatinanatanga ko te kawenga o te whānau katoa. tīmata te kāwanatanga ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te tukanga o te whakawhanaunga i reira ngā tamariki e haere ana ki te kura i te 7 tau. Ki te taiohitanga tīmata whakataki ki te whakahaere o te whare whānau.

whakahaere pāpori-tōrangapū

Samegrelo, hei wāhanga o te mua Georgian Soviet-pāpori Republic me te Soviet Union i raro i te mana Communist Party. Ngā wāhanga e ngā Megrelia, pōtitia Supreme Soviet o te Georgian SSR me nga fakafofonga i roto i to ratou ake kaunihera ā-rohe, me te pa. i te rohe kahore kanohi motuhake motuhake ranei, pērā Abkhazia, Ajaria ko South Ossetia, ia pōtitia "motu" māngai o te Kaunihera o Iwi. I muri i te pōtitanga o te kāwanatanga kore-hapori o Georgia i Oketopa 1990. Ko te tūranga o te Kominiusi i roto i ngā take ā-rohe tino i peka, ka i whakakapi e te tahi atu rōpū.

whakahaere pāpori

Ko te hanganga o te piha haapiiraa i roto i te Samegrelo ko te ngaio. piha haapiiraa Kura ma-kara iwi mātauranga tāone i te kaha te nuinga i roto i te rohe i te Pāti Communist me ētahi atu hanganga kāwanatanga whakahaere ranei. Mātauranga me te mahi e waha ana i te mana nui i roto i te tari. kite hapori tuawhenua ko rite te tahi mea "porowini", ia e whakaaro mau utuafare tuawhenua mo ratou tiaki o ara tuku iho o te ora.

hinonga tōrangapū

rōpū nui i roto i te parae i tuawhenua, kaunihera tāone, me te rohe, me ngā rōpū rōpū rohe. i whakakapi Tips e tinana māngai o te rohe whaiaro kāwanatanga-. I roto i te mua, te kaunihera kainga i reira i tokomaha rōpū-kore, ahakoa i roto i te pa, me te i te taumata rohe, rite ki te tikanga, ko nga Kominiusi te nuinga. I teie mahana whakamutunga roa te nuinga e tetahi kāwanatanga rohe ranei te pōtitanga tūranga whakahaere ranei. i whakakapi ratou e ngā māngai o ngā rōpū tōrangapū motuhake.

whakahaere pāpori

Papā taumira, me te pupuri i whakaae ki te whakarato i te mātauranga kore-ōkawa pērā i te whānau, te kainga, me te rōpū hoa, me te whakahaere ōkawa, pērā i te rōpū, ngā kura, ngā kaunihera ā-rohe, me te marae. mahi Kooti i runga i te rohe me te taumata terenga. Kawea atu a putaatu i te wātū, i taea te tirotiro wāhi mahi me wāhi rerekē. Kua pōtitia kaiwhakawa katoa, a mua kua ngā mema o te Pāti Communist tata tonu.

pakanga

kua tonu te iwi Megrels i te aronga o te pakanga Hōriana ki noho tata Ihirama. ka mau Turks e rave rahi taime te rohe, te wā whakamutunga i roto i te 1918. He kua hoki papā ki ētahi atu wāhanga o Georgia i roto i te mau aroraa dynastic me nga whakaoho kaiahuwhenua i roto i te XIX me rau tau wawe XX. I roto i te wā Soviet, i iti pakanga iwi. I roto i te Hōngongoi 1989, te mau ohipa i roto i te rohe tonga o Abkhazia, Heoi, tino mauähara te hononga Abkhaz-Mingrelian.

ngā whakapono Religious me ngā mahi

Ko te karakia matua o Samegrelo, pera i roto i te era o Georgia - Ofotokisií Hōriana. Ko te Ekalesia Siu ko te whenua autocephalous. I mua, i ia hapu tona ake kaiwhakaruruhau tapu me te tohu (dzhindzhihati), i whakamahia nei mō te inoi i te pae varua. St. George ko te pukahu tapu tino nui, me te maha o ona mahara penapena i roto i Mingrelian hahi mo'a tino i roto i te kainga o Ilori. hoki a Archangeloi Michael me Kapariera (e ētahi wā koropiko rite te hinonga kotahi) te mema tiketike i roto i Megrelia; atu hunga tapu i ngā wāhi motuhake o te tohungatanga, me te e whakaaro tonu ratou hararei. E konatunatua tikanga me ngā whakapono o ngā wā i mua i-Kalisitiané ki tikanga whakapono. I mua whakapono Megrels i roto i te wairua ngahere me ētahi atu atua etene. Elements o taua whakapono tohe i roto i te tahi mau ngā tikanga me te täpiritanga i karapoti te whanautanga, te faaipoiporaa, te mate, Tau Hou hakari te kotinga ranei. e kore e mea rawa Megrels pāriha pono, i te ko te kaupapa here ohaoha hou i runga i te karakia i te take o te whakaoranga fakalotu, rite wāhi kē i roto i Georgia.

toi

Mō te hunga e Megrels ta ratou toi - e mohiotia nga tangata rohe mo ratou Polyphonic waiata i te Kaiwaiata kau, me waiata, me te kanikani, i roto i te kāhua Hōriana, i to ratou ake āhuatanga. Ahurei mea whakatangi rohe, pērā i larhemi ( "kakaho", he puka o te putorino), kua ngaro inaianei.

rongoā

Colchis, wahi o nei ko Samegrelo, i rongonui i roto i nga Kariki onamata ki o ratou rongoā. I whanau makutu Medea konei. te tīariari tonu maha taero rongonui, etahi o nei kua whakaurua ki rongoā Hōriana hou. Te nuinga Mingrelian pai rongoa hou whakaritea ki tuku iho. He nui iti wahine e hoatu inaianei whanau i te kāinga.

mate

Mate i roto i Samegrelo nuitia a hakune tangihia. I roto i rua rohe tuawhenua, me te tāone o te mate fakamamafa'i whanaungatanga me te kotahitanga o te whānau. Hoki te hapu o te mate kei te haere ki te āwhina pūtea. He maha ngā tikanga tuku iho e karapoti ana i te mahi whakamaharatanga me tanumanga, kei te whakaaro tonu. Ki te tinana murua hoki wha ra, i roto i nei e kore te mea rite kahore kai i roto i te whare, ahakoa whakaritea te whanaunga i te āheinga me te hoa i te wake. Kei te tū kai Memorial hoki i te wha tekau o nga ra, he tau i muri i te matenga. I ngā wā e kore e he whanaunga tane tata heu mahi i runga i Saturdays puta noa i te tau ranei. Tangi e taea muri i te 10 ki te 15 tau, i roto i nei ki te kawe whakahere ki te urupa, kānara me hua. I roto i te Mingrelians hoki he tona ōrite o te ra te hunga mate (suntaoba) katoa, ka toro nga urupa o whanaunga hapu.