Mahi pūtaiao. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā mahi pūtaiao

mahi Scientific - motuhake mahi a te tangata, ko tona whāinga matua - ki te whiwhi mōhiotanga hou e pā ana ki mooni. Ko e matauranga Ko tona hua matua. Heoi, kihai i ia te tetahi anake. Ētahi atu hua ngā pūtaiao me te kāhua pūtaiao o rationality, e pā ana ki ngā ao o ngā mahi tangata, me te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu, ngā tūāhua, tautuhinga e kua whakamahia waho o te pūtaiao (te nuinga i roto i te whakangao). I tua atu, ko te rangahau - ko te puna o ngā uara morare.

Pūtaiao me te pono

Ahakoa te meka e te takotoranga o te pūtaiao - ki te whakarato i te matauranga pono o mooni, e kore e waiho te reira raruraru ki te pono. Ko te meka Ko e kore te mea tika pūtaiao matauranga pono. Ka taea te whiwhi te reira i roto i mara ngā o te mahi: i roto i te engineering, toi, tōrangapū, ohaoha, me te ora rā. Heoi, i roto i enei take, e kore ko te whakaaro matua o enei whiwhi reira mara. Hei tauira, te whakaaro matua o te toi - te uara toi hou, i roto i te ao ōhanga - pai i roto i te engineering - te tenenga o te hangarau.

kia haapapu te reira e kore ko te ariā o "kore-pūtaiao" tonu te aromatawai kino. He ona ake pau, me te i roto i te tahi atu wāhi Pūtaiao - te ora rā, tōrangapū, ohaoha, toi. whai ratou katoa ratou whakaaro, o ratou misioni. Tūnga i roto i te hapori e Kei te piki haere ngā mahi pūtaiao. Heoi, he tika, me te pea e kore tonu a kihai nga wahi katoa te pūtake pūtaiao.

E whakaatu ana History e riro te matauranga ki tona awhina, e kore he reira pono tonu. Kei te maha te ariā rawa o "pūtaiao" whakamahia i roto i te mau tupuraa e kore e e kī i te tika o te matauranga riro. Ko te pono rawa tenei, ina e mahi tatou ki te ariā. I roto i te pūtaiao, he tokomaha o ratou kua whawhati i. Ētahi whakaaro (pērā i Karl Popper), tautohe e i roto i te heke mai kia pa ki tenei whakarau tetahi tauākī ariā.

Ko te hononga i waenganui i te pūtaiao me te ariā parascientific

Tētahi atu āhuatanga e kua he mahi pūtaiao, ko e kore e mohio ki reira tetahi ariā parascientific - .. Ufology, parapsychology, kōkōrangi, etc. paopao ratou i te reira no te mea, rite tuhia e Thomas Huxley, tango hoki te tahi mea homai ia "mahia whakamomori". Ko te ariā hangaia ki te whakamahi o enei mara o te matauranga, i reira he kahore whakapumautia, meka pono pū. He ērā wā anake.

Pūtaiao rite te tikanga

He āhuatanga nui o te pūtaiao hou ko e ko te reira te tikanga. More tata, ko ia he mahi noa o te kaipūtaiao. e kore te Pūtaiao whakaaro he tikanga, e kore e utua āta reira. Scientists ahu ki te whakarato i te oranga i te utu o whakaako i roto i ngā whare wānanga. Organization o ngā mahi pūtaiao, te kupu, he kino rawa. Kua puta ke te āhuatanga inaianei mo te pai. I teie mahana te kaiputaiao - ko reira he tikanga motuhake. I roto i te rau tau 20 i reira ko he mea pēnei i te "kairangahau". I roto i te ao nei i teie mahana i reira e pā ana ki 5 miriona iwi ngaio i roto i te rangahau. O te akoranga, e faatupu te whanaketanga tere o te mahi pūtaiao e tika ana ki te āhuatanga hou, me te whakatutukitanga i tenei.

Ko te taupatupatunga o whakaaro i roto i te pūtaiao

Hoki te whanaketanga o te matauranga pūtaiao āhuatanga e te aroraa o ngā ahunga rerekē. I roto i te pakanga kukū whakaaetia e nga ariā me ngā whakaaro hou. I tenei take, ka mea a Max Panēke e kore e te nuinga o riro te parau mau pūtaiao hou no te mea o te meka e kua whakaatu o ratou hoariri o to tatou hape, a no te mea o te meka e hoariri faifai mate, me te whakatupuranga hou ako te pono i kotahi. mahi rangahau - he tamau ngā pakanga me whakaaro.

Paearu o te matauranga pūtaiao: systematization

Kia tino ki te whakanui i te paearu o te matauranga pūtaiao, ki te mōhio ona āhuatanga āhuatanga. Tuatahi o te katoa, tenei systematization. Tenei Ko tetahi o te matua paearu o pūtaiao. Heoi, riro kore anake i roto i tenei mara e taea te systematized te matauranga. hira tauira: te pukapuka waea, cookbook, mahere ara, etc Otiia, he ona ake pau te systematization pūtaiao ... Ka rite ki te pūnaha e mohio ko te hanganga tino, wahi o nei ko te pikitia o te ao, ariā, ture, meka. I roto i te tahi mau marau o te pūtaiao, me te taupuhipuhi, me te kōtuitui o.

Taunakitanga

Ko tētahi atu paearu nui, e kua he mahi rangahau me te whanaketanga, ko te whai o taunakitanga, te mana o te matauranga. Mau mai i a ia i roto i i angamaheni mō te pūtaiao tonu. Ko tōna takanga rawa ētahi wā e pā ana ki tenei imiraa i te taunakitanga. He huarahi rerekē ki te tirohia. Hei whakaū i te mana o te matauranga tëtehi, mo te tauira, te whakamahi i Taki maha hanga ki he tatauranga, me te pera i runga i. D. Ki te hiahia koe ki te whakatika tetahi tetahi ariā ariā ranei, e whakarongo ki te ōritetanga, te kaha ki te matapae me te whakaahua i te ari raraunga tëtehi e hāngai ana.

whakaaro Original i roto i te pūtaiao

I roto i te pūtaiao, ko nga whakaaro taketake he uara nui. Heoi, arotahi hoki ki runga ki auahatanga ngā ki te au atu i te hua te tuakiri, e pā nei te ki nga pau o te kairangahau katoa. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga rerekētanga o tona toi. Ki te hanganga o te artist te tīariari, te hanga tetahi. Heoi, ki te whakawhanakehia etahi pūtaiao te ariā, ka kia tika whakapumautia ai i roto i te heke mai rite ko reira he wā e tika ana i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā mahi rangahau, e taea te huaina intersubjective.

Founga me ngā tikanga o te matauranga pūtaiao

Ko te mahi pūtaiao whakamahia moni o te whakaaroaro ana e whakamahi iwi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi, tae atu i roto i te ora ia rā. Methods o whakaaroaro ana whakamahia i roto i te pūtaiao, āhuatanga o tetahi atu poi. Tenei whakataunga me te arataki, te ariā me te tātari, te ariā me te oti'a, idealization whakaahuatanga faaauraa matapae whakamārama haamauraa whakapae retraction et al.

Whakamātau me te kitea

Ngā me ngā kitenga, he tikanga hopu matua i roto i te pūtaiao matauranga tëtehi. korero poto e pā ana ki te mea ko to ratou pū. Kitea - tikanga, i roto i nei te tino, ko te kore ki te hanga huringa i roto i te tukanga kitea mana ako ano. Hei wāhanga o te whakamātau, whakanohoia he āhuatanga e kia ako i roto i etahi tikanga. Bacon tuhia e heheu te āhua o mea ano pai mā te te "āwenewene akiaki" atu te vai i roto i "haere noa tūturu".

mōhiotanga hōhonu, me te ariā

He mea nui ki te mōhio e kahore te tāutanga ariā motuhake e kore e taea te tīmata i te ako hōhonu. Ahakoa te mea i mohiotia e nga meka - he nui hoki te pūtaiao tenei, engari te mahino o mooni, kahore theorizing taea. I tenei take, IP kite Pavlov e hiahia ana koe he māramatanga taketake o te kaupapa ako ki taea piri ai ki te meka.

e kore e whakatau noa o raraunga tëtehi ariā pūtaiao. tuhituhi Einstein e arorau taea ki tae i te mau parau tumu o te ariā. whakatika ratou i roto i te pāhekoheko o te whakaaro hōhonu, me te ariā, i roto i te akoranga o te whakaoti rapanga ariā i roto i te pāhekoheko o te pūtaiao me te ahurea.

Scientists i roto i te akoranga o te hanganga o te ariā e whakamahia ana i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga o te matauranga pāngarau. Hei tauira, i tohua atu mahi pūtaiao o Galileo Galilei i whakamahi whānui ki te hanga ariā o ngā whakaaro. Theoretician e whakamahi ia ratou, ka rite ki tākaro reira whanonga rerekē o ngā Päkehä whakawhanakehia e ia. whakamātau Mathematical Ko te ahua hou o hinengaro. A, no te te whakamahi i te reira i runga i rorohiko tātai i te mau hopearaa taea o etahi tikanga.

Pīra ki rapunga whakaaro

I roto i te whakaahua i te mahi pūtaiao i roto i te whānui, he mea nui ano hoki ki te mōhio e maha tahuri aivanaa i roto i tona akoranga ki rapunga whakaaro. Ka rite ki te pūtaiao Russian me te ao maha whakawhirinaki i runga i te reira. I roto i ngā, nui ki he mahara ki te whakarerenga iho hinengaro i roto i ngā o te kaupapa, whakaaro o te ako o te parau mau i roto i te horopaki o te pikitia ngā o te ao pūkenga. He mea tino nui i roto i te wāhanga mahu'inga e ia wā rere te pūtaiao i roto i tona whanaketanga. Ko te whakatutukitanga nui reira kua tonu i pā ana ki te kōrero whānui taumauri. Pīra ki te rapunga whakaaro whakatairanga whai hua whakamārama, whakaahuatanga me te māramatanga o te pūtaiao o te ako o te mooni. ko te kupu correlate hua Scientific ki ona whakatutukitanga.

Ko te kāhua o te whakaaro pūtaiao

He he he mea pēnei i te "kāhua o te whakaaro pūtaiao." whakaata te reira i te āhuatanga nui o te moni ki a tatou te hōkai o te matauranga. kite Max Fanauhia e reira e etahi ngā o te whakaaro e kua tino āta huri me te hanga i te wā taumauri ki te whakaaro tūturu i roto i te mara katoa o mahi a te tangata, tae atu ki te pūtaiao.

reo o te pūtaiao

Te kōrero e pā ana ki te taputapu e kua whakamahia i roto i te matauranga pūtaiao, kia tuhia te reira e ko te nui tino o ratou te reo o te pūtaiao. ka mea a Galileo e te te reo o te pāngarau pukapuka o te natura i tuhituhia. whakapumautia te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao kua ana kupu. tukanga mathematization i roto i te tahi atu mau ihi he kaha rawa. I roto i te katoa o ratou nga pāngarau ko te wāhi o te hanganga ariā.

Ko te whanaketanga o te matauranga

I roto i te pūtaiao, te ahunga whakamua o te matauranga, ko te nuinga o ti'aturi i runga i te whanaketanga o te tikanga hangarau. Rangahau mahi Galileo, hei tauira, kawea atu te whakamahi i te karu. Na ka ka hanga whātata, me te whātata irirangi, i whakaritea ki te whānuitanga nui te whanaketanga o te tātai arorangi. Mā te whārahi, rawa hiko, tino awe te ahunga whakamua i roto i te koiora. Te kore taua tikanga nui o te matauranga kia rite ki synchrotrons, e kore e taea ki te whakaaro i te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao matūriki pūmotu. Kei te faaruru tēnei wā te ao, me te Russian pūtaiao hou te revolution tika ki te putanga o te rorohiko.

Interpenetration o tikanga me ngā tikanga o te pūtaiao

Kia mōhio e rerekē te tikanga me ngā tikanga e whakamahia i roto i te tikanga rerekē. whakaritea ana tēnei e te pū o te kaupapa, me te te taumata o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao iho. I roto i te whānui, i reira he tikanga he interpenetration tonu me tikanga. whakamahia piki pāngarau mīhini. Maere tona tōtika, rite tuhia e J. Viner, hanga tenei pūtaiao tikanga nui o te matauranga o nga ētahi atu katoa. Heoi, pea ka hei te heke mai tikanga tino universalized me tikanga o rerekē manga pūtaiao.

Ko te pū o te rapunga whakaaro

A paraparau e pā ana ki te pau o Pūtaiao, kia tuhia te reira te āhuatanga motuhake o te matauranga taumauri. E kore te mea te rapunga whakaaro o te pūtaiao rite te katoa. I roto i te whakarerenga iho puāwaitanga, i tukinotia ai rite te ahua motuhake o te pūtaiao, engari maha nga whakaaro o to tatou wa whakawhanake reira waihanga e koi kitea i reira. Hei tauira, e pā ana te reira ki neopositivists, existentialists. Hei wāhanga o te kaupapa kua vai tonu a ka te tīariari rangahau me te hanga, e ai whai te mana o te pūtaiao.

mahi Scientific me raupapa

Ko te mahi matua o te mātauranga tenei - he huinga o ngā mahi e kua kawea atu mo te whakaaro o aravihi nga hangarau, ngā tikanga, me ngā tikanga o te mahi mātauranga. E whai ana ki te rapu mō tikanga hou, me ngā puka o whakahaere, te whakarato, me te whakahaere tukanga mātauranga.

ngā mahi pūtaiao, me te hangarau

Ko te mahi hangarau, i te mea i te pūtahitanga o te engineering, me te pūtaiao tenei. No te reira ki te mara o pekanga hangarau. Tona rangahau ko te āhua tono. Ko atu āhua karapoti auaha, engineering me ngā mahi pūtaiao tēnei ariā.