Mahi toko i te ora - he aha te mea te reira? Pūtaiao, makehe

I roto i te tīmatanga o 21 rau th, he maha nui o tānga pā ana ki ngā take o te rangahau, te whakangungu, me te mātauranga o ngā tamariki iti wāhitanga o te hauora hinengaro ki. Ko te ahanoa e Akoranga o mahi toko i te ora. He aha te mea te reira? Tenei Ko tetahi o nga manga o Defectology, e Akoranga take o te faaineineraa no te ora o te iwi hinengaro pūkeke ana, me te whakatutuki take o ratou whakanohonoho atu.

History o te huru o te hapori ki te dementia

I roto i te pūtaiao hou kahore he kōrero e pā ana ki te mea i te tūranga nohoia e te iwi rerekē i roto i ngā iwi i tahito ra. Heoi, he mea hoki etahi meka mōhiotia e te hunga i te mau melo o te hapori kihai i taea e ki te whai wāhi i roto i te whiwhi kai e, ranei patua ratou i patua ranei.

E kore e taea e koe te karanga huru o te hapori ngākau ki te nga anotau Middle ngoikore-whakaaro, i roto i nga wa onamata kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i. I i tirohia taua iwi rite kore parau tumu tangata, ka mate, na reira e kore ia e tikangatia o aroha, me te āwhina,. tamata Society ki te tiaki ia ratou i te hunga nei whanonga te nui atu iti iho ranei kino ia ona ngākau nuitanga.

Ko te wāhi koki i roto i te pā ana ki te tupu ko te Wīwī Revolution (1786-1793 gg.). Tenei hui tohua te timatanga o te taumata hītori hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te hapori katoa. I tua atu, i tenei revolution kua he pānga nui i runga i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i mara ngā o te matauranga. I te tau 1793 whakaputaina e ia he Whakapuakitanga o Tika Tangata, i roto i nei, kia rite i roto i te maha tikanga, ka mea kia kia i titiro āwhina tūmatanui iwi rawakore rite te hopoi'a mo'a. I roto i tenei take, kua whakaaro te reira e kore rite mahi atawhai aroha ranei, engari kia rite ki te hopoi'a o te kāwanatanga.

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19, te raruraru o te tupu hei tino whakapeka. āhuatanga tēnei wa e te whanaketanga tere o te ahumahi, nui haere te faaohiparaa o kaimahi me te ino nui i roto i to ratou tikanga ora. Kua arahina tenei katoa ki tupu i roto i te maha o ngā tamariki rerekē. Ko te aha i roto i te ako tupu i tangohia ki ngā āhuatanga pūkete o psycho-ako me te āhua haumanu. kawea mahi katoa i roto i ki te atu i te opuaraa o te whanaketanga o te maramarama iwi ngoikore-whakaaro.

mahi tonu i roto i tenei rohe wāhi ki te pua tere o nga tikanga tūturu. Tenei wāhi ki te putanga i roto i te mutunga o te 19 - wawe e senituli hono 20, te ūnga e rua i roto i te māramatanga o te ngako me te āhua o te tupu. Kua hāngai ratou māngai ratou mau tautooraa i runga i te rapu mo nga take, me te ako haumanu o te māuiuitanga, me te whakangungu o ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana. Ko te kupu, nui takoha ki te whanaketanga o te mahi toko i te ora i hanga e taua psychiatrists rite B. Weigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko me ētahi atu.

Te hononga ki te tupu i roto i Rus

Te tiaki i te rawakore, me te wairangi i roto i to tatou whenua i roto i nga ra tau o te tuatahi ki te whakaatu i te Ekalesia Siu. tohua ana tēnei e ngā tuhinga e pā ana teiti hoki i te rau tau 10.

I roto i tahito iwi Rus 'whakaaro iwi hinengaro pūkeke ana e manakohia ana ki te Atua, me te hunga huri noa ratou i te koreutu, o te mea ngaro, me te e toputapu. Heoi, wairangi, kotiti nga huarahi o te whenua, meinga he rota o te kino. I hanga e ratou he maha nui o hara, me te tahu. Ko te aha i tika ki te tutaki ia ratou i te hapori. whakatuwheratia te whare taua tuatahi i roto i Riga, Dr. Friedrich Plyats. Ko te faanahoraa hauora-kaupapa mo te hinengaro pūkeke ana, me te mamae i hukihuki. Kua mahi te reira i tenei whare tae noa ki 1941.

kawea Events i runga i te mātauranga me te whakangungu o ngā tamariki rerekē i roto i roto i Russia me ngā pokapū hōia ki te awhina o ngā kura motuhake.

Herehere nei hītori kua riro te tahuri hou i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 19, kua riro te hiringa kaha ki tona whanaketanga i roto i te mahi o psychiatrists I. G. Ignatevoy ko P. I. Kovalevskogo. Heoi, maha tohu ratou ki te kore o te tikanga o pūtahi tūmatanui mo te whanaketanga o ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana. Katahi E. K. Gracheva, mahi i roto i te rangahau i roto i te mara o te rerekē whakangungu me te mātauranga tamariki, tuhu ki te kino ki te iwi whānui ki te tau'a ore i taua āwhina.

wāhanga Soviet o te whanaketanga to tatou ahua o faikehekehe hanga whatunga rerekëtanga o pūtahi motuhake. i tuwhera ki te mātauranga o ngā tamariki o te maramarama iti ratou.

mahi toko i te ora - pūtaiao, e i roto i nga wa Soviet i whakawhanakehia atu whakawhetai ki te mahi taketake o IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova me maha atu kairangahau.

Ki te rā, ako tenei ako e i roto i te Institute o herehere Whakaako o ngä Pūtaiao o te Russian Federation. mahi toko i te ora hou - he aha te mea te reira? Tenei aronga, ako tauira me ngā āhuatanga i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana, e faaite mai ratou i roto i te tukanga akoranga. kawea rangahau me te whanaketanga i roto i tenei rohe kei te roto i hou pūtaiao oligophrenopedagogs. I runga i te pūtake o to ratou mahi ki te hanga i etahi whakatikatika ki te pūnaha, e kore e motuhake anake, engari ano hoki mātauranga whānui.

Communication ki ētahi atu sciences

Oligophrenopedagogics kore e taea ki te ora me te tupu, kahore he maha o ngā kaupapa e pā ana, e kua herenga roherohea ki toru poraka. Tenei pūtaiao hauora, hinengaro, me te ako. He aha te mea te auraa o ēnei wāhanga mo te mahi toko i te ora?

Ko nga tikanga hauora, me to ratou awhina, kaipūtaiao e ako i te raruraru o ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana, taea ki te matau i te take koiora o te mate, me te āhua o te huringa e kua puta i roto i te tinana o te manawanui he. I roto i tenei kōwae ka kitea e koutou: i te Pātukitukinga me anatomy, Neurology me Neuroscience, psychiatry me psychopathology, Fale- me iranga. Ēnei marau tukua aivanaa ki matau i te āhuatanga kua kake hohoro e te whanaketanga o te tamaiti, e taea ai e koe te whakawhanake tika te pūnaha mātauranga.

Ki te nui atu i te mahi toko i te ora e pā ana tata? hinengaro tangata (whānui, motuhake, me te ako) - he ako e he hoki rangahau tino nui mo te mahi toko i te ora. tukua ratou ki a koe te tautuhi i ngā tauira e he wātea ana mō ngā tamariki hauā hinengaro. Hoki ki to ratou awhina-oligophrenopedagogs kaimātai pūtaiao tiki te ariā o ngā tukanga hinengaro tango wahi i roto i taua tūroro. āhei ana tēnei rangahau ki te whakatika hoatu ki tikanga me ngā tikanga mahi.

Ko te mātauranga o ngā tamariki hauā hinengaro he tokoni ako rahi. Tenei ako taea ki te tautuhi i te pau o te mau parau tumu, whāinga me te ihirangi o te tukanga ako o ngā ākonga hinengaro pūkeke ana. I roto i tenei ako o tikanga tono, tikanga me ngā tūāhua ki te hanga whakangungu tenei kāwai o ngā ākonga. I roto i tenei poraka ngā o te maha ihi. I roto ia ratou he noa, pāpori me te motuhake ako me didactics o te mahi mātauranga.

Ko te ariā whānui o te ako

Na, ko te mahi toko i te ora hou - he aha te mea te reira? Ko te pūtaiao, e whanake whakarōpū mātauranga, e taea te whakarato i tētahi wāhi ki te takitahi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i te huarahi rerekëtanga ki ngā tamariki ki te maramarama iti. I tua atu, e pā ana te ako ki te tikanga me te mau parau tumu o te mātauranga o ngā ākonga, te ihirangi o ratou whakangungu mahi me te mātauranga whānui. Ka rite ki te tikanga tūmataiti o te mahi toko i te ora rite te pūtaiao, me te faaohipa i te tūtohutanga o te ako ki te hanga pūnaha me ngā hanganga rite kura e whakamahia i roto i whare mātauranga motuhake.

te mau parau tumu taketake

Ki te tangata e ui e pā ana ki te mahi toko i te ora - he aha te mea utu reira ki te mohio e tenei ako kua te puna rite taua o ako. E aparau atoa te tikanga whānui o te haapiiraa, te turanga o te tukanga mātauranga, me pera i runga i. D. anake i roto i te taa ki te ako, kei te tūhura tenei mara pūtaiao mahi ki ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana e hāngai ana i runga i o ratou āhuatanga. I te wa ano nga parau tumu o te mahi toko i te ora, pērā i te whakangungu me te mātauranga, te whanaketanga me te hanganga o te tangata, i te tikanga ano rite i roto i te ako whānui.

tikanga taketake

Scientists oligophrenopedagogs i roto i te mahi kawea i roto i:

• rangahau;
• tirotiro;
• pätai;
• ako o te mahi o ngā tamariki;
• ngā;
• ako o te tuhinga o te natura hinengaro, me te ako.

enei tikanga katoa o te mahi toko i te ora rite te pūtaiao. Kia titiro tatou ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

A, no te hanga whakahaere kitenga ako whai take o te āhuatanga ako. Ka rite ki te hua, e tango te kairangahau rauemi pono. notemea kitea he whakaaro motuhake, he ona ake wero, me te te ahanoa. I roto i ona tikanga mahi e tonu (pūkete).

E mea pinepine e hāngai ana te mahi o pūtaiao e i runga i te rangahau whakahaere e ratou, tetahi o nga tikanga i te mea he kōrero. āhei te reira ki a koe te tiki i te kōrero tika, me te ki te whakamārama i te mea i kore mārama nui ka whakamahi i te tahi atu tikanga o te mahi toko i te ora. I tū Aparauraa i runga i te mahere tomu'a.

Kawea mai te kohinga nui o ngā mōhiohio e āhei pūtaiao ki ruri. I roto i te hui whakautu te kaiwhiwhi i roto i te tuhi ki ngā pātai.

Ko No kairangahau rauemi iti faufaa i roto i te tukanga o te haapiiraa i te hua i hanga e te tamariki hauā hinengaro. Ko ētahi o ēnei hua te momo o mahi, tātuhi me pukatuhi ki te mana o te mahi, me ngā mahi i roto i etahi pekanga.

tikanga e whai ake herehere e hāngai ana i runga i te ako o ngā tuhinga o te natura psycho-ako. Tenei pūkete hauora me ngā kōnae whaiaro o ngā tamariki, ratou rātaka, makasini hauhautanga, āhuatanga mātauranga, me pera i runga i. D. Ki te awhina o tenei tikanga ki te whiwhi raraunga whāinga tohu i te mahi o te whakahaere o te tukanga akoranga.

takaro te tūranga motuhake e whakamātau i roto i te akoranga. Ko te fariiraa rawa whakaritea e, he tikanga ihirangi o te mahi ranei. Ko te whakaaro o tenei tikanga, ko te ki te whakatau i te tōtika o te tukanga akoranga whakaako. Kei te whakamātau o te whai i ēnei:

• te waihanga ariā o te raruraru, te whakamāramatanga o ngā whāinga, ahanoa kaupapa me o te rangahau, ngā mahi whanaketanga me te hypothesizing;
• whanaketanga huarahi o tikanga rangahau me ngā hua o ngā rautaki tukatuka atu;
• e mau ana i roto o te whakamātau i roto i te puka o te hōtaka mahi, he raupapa o ngā mahi, me te pera i runga i aha..;
• tātari kounga me te ine tātari o te raraunga e wātea ana, te waihanga o whakatau, me te tuhi ake tūtohutanga mahi.

Mahi ki ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana

He he he tikanga taua - "mahi toko i te ora". Kei te whiwhi te reira e te iwi e whakaako i muri, ka whakaako tamariki hauā hinengaro. Heoi, kia whanau ai i roto i te ngakau e te tikanga kua he maha o ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Na, ko te mahi o oligophrenopedagogs ngā te wā e kore e anake me o ratou ākonga i roto i te tikanga ki te Päkehä ratou he mea o te matauranga kura. instills tēnei mātanga tamariki ki te pūkenga e hiahiatia ana mō te ora motuhake ake nei. Anake ki runga ki te mahi angitu o tenei mahi, he tamaiti ki te hauātanga, ka taea ki te uru i te whakatutukitanga me ngā uara o te ao.

Oligophrenopedagogics - mahi e hāngai ana ki ngā tamariki e kore anake engari ano ratou matua, e e hoki i roto i te hiahia o te tohutohu o te ngaio tohu. Ko te kaiako utu o te mātauranga herehere ko paku runga ake i taua o ona hoa i roto i te kura noa. A te reira he ra mahi poto. I tua atu, mahi oligophrenopedagogs ki ngā rōpū iti o ngā tamariki (8 ki te 12 te iwi).

ahu ngā ākonga ki te mauruuru i te pai o tona kaiwhakaako, me aroha reira. Heoi, e mahi ana ki te tamariki ki te maramarama iti, e kore te mea te kaha mo te katoa. Me kia fakatu'amelie he kaiako taua. Te kore tenei huru, ngaro reira tikanga katoa o te mahi ki te hunga e hiahia āwhina motuhake. Whakapono i roto i te tamaiti, me te aroha tangata - ko te tikanga, kahore nei e kore e mahi i te reira, kahore he tikanga ako enei.

kia kite i tenei mātanga i roto i nga piahi i te tuakiri ahurei huma, me te mahi hoki i te reira. Ae, e hāngai ana tenei mahi i te itoito aronganui me ētahi wā tinana nui. Heoi, te kitenga e te tamaiti āta, taahi i te taahiraa, tutuki angitu hou - ko reira he hari mo'oni mo te kaiako.

wāhi mahi

Oligophrenopedagogs wāhi ki a ratou tamariki i roto i kindergarten me ngā kura mō ngā tamariki ki te hauātanga hinengaro. Jobs e hoki taua tohunga i te momo o te whakanohonoho me pokapū pāpori. Ui e te tikanga, me i roto i te tahi mau kura tuarua, me ngā hōhipera, i he akomanga tuwhera mō ngā tamariki ki te retardation hinengaro. Te nuinga oligophrenopedagogs āwhina tākuta tamariki-neuropsychiatrist. Ko rawa pono o ngā take matatini, te tātaritanga o pathologies o te konä o te tamaiti tenei.

kounga taketake

e kore e taea e Oligophrenopedagogs mahi i waho te aroha, me te aroha o ngā tamariki. I tua atu, e hiahia ana matou taua uaua mātanga, me te kawenga, te manawanui, me te kaha ki te oaoa i tetahi mea, ara he angitu iti o ratou paroita. He huru nui mo te taua tikanga motuhake ko te hiahia ki te whiwhi mōhiotanga hou. I muri i te katoa, kei te neke pūtaiao tonu atu, a me waiho te kaiako pai ki te ako me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou, me te tikanga te whakaaro e ia. Hei whiwhi mōhiotanga hou, ka taea e te tango e koe akoranga i roto i te mahi toko i te ora. Tenei ka whakapai ake i ngā pūkenga ngā me te ako e pā ana ki ngā whanaketanga hou o kairangahau i roto i tenei mara.

whiwhi mōhiotanga

Kaiako mahi ki ngā tamariki hinengaro pūkeke ana kia matau te whaiaroaro o ratou maumaui ngā, riro tikanga whakatika, me te kia taea ki te arotake i nga hua o tona mahi. A titau whakangungu e tika ana o te mahi toko i te ora tenei. Ki te mahi i tenei, ka taea e koe te tomo i te Moscow State ngä University. Tenei whare wānanga He defectology manga whakaako tohunga i roto i tenei rohe. whakangungu Profile he mahi toko i te ora.

Hiahia ki te farii i te tikanga, me te titau manihini i te Moscow City ngä University. Potemkin. Mātauranga herehere i te Faculty o te Mātauranga Motuhake e katoa e hiahia ana ki te hono to ratou oraraa ki tenei tikanga uaua. Tera atu ano tetahi whare wānanga tāone e faaineine kaimahi tohu i roto i tenei mara. Tenei University Humanitarian Moscow State. Sholokhov. I roto i tenei institution mātauranga kua defectology Faculty, e whakaako tohunga i roto i te ahunga e whakaaro.

Ka taea e te tiki oligophrenopedagogs tikanga kia i roto i etahi atu whare mātauranga teitei o Russia.