Me pēhea te ki te tuhituhi poinanaha me homologues? Me pēhea te ki te hei poinanaha o waiwaro?

I mua i whakaaro me pehea ki te whakaputa poinanaha o waiwaro kukū ki te whakakitea āhuatanga o tenei piha o matū waro.

waiwaro kukū

tu maha akomanga CxHy i matū waro. Ko ia tangata e te tātai whānui, raupapa huirua, tauhohe kounga, tono. Hoki kukū piha pūwaro waiwaro tahi angamaheni kotahi (sigma) here. Ko te tātai whānui o tenei piha o matū waro CnH2n + 2. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te āhuatanga matū taketake: displacement, tahunga, hāora. e kore hoki paraffins e angamaheni hono, mai kōrero i roto i te rāpoi ngota o enei waiwaro kotahi.

poinanahatanga

whakamārama te āhuatanga o te poinanahatanga te momo o ngā matū waro. I raro i te poinanahatanga te matau nuitia tītohunga i roto i nei i reira e rave rahi ngā pūhui matū waro he te taua maha o ngā mema (te maha o ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota), engari he whakaritenga rerekē o ratou i roto i te rāpoi ngota. huaina te rauemi hua te poinanaha. Ka taea e ratou hei māngai o te maha akomanga o waiwaro, me ngā āhuatanga matū reira rerekē. pūhui Miscellaneous waiwaro tahi muingota ngota homai ara ki te poinanahatanga hanganga. Me pēhea te ki te hei poinanaha o waiwaro? He he he hātepe motuhake, kia rite ki nei e taea te whakaatu e poinanaha hanganga o tenei piha o matū waro. He he he pea taua ki e wha anake ngā ngota waro, arā, he rāpoi ngota o te pūwaro C4H10.

momo isomeric

I roto i te tikanga ki te mārama me pēhea ki te tuhituhi tātai o te ngā poinanaha, he mea nui ki te whai i te māramatanga o ona puka. I roto i te aroaro o te taua ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota i roto i ngā tau rite, e kua kei roto i te wāhi i roto i te tikanga rerekē, e pā ana ki te poinanahatanga mokowā. Kore, e karangatia ana ko stereoisomerism. I roto i tenei āhuatanga, te whakamahi o tetahi anake tātai hanganga kore he nui, Me ki te whakamahi i ngä motuhake ranei tātai mokowā. waiwaro kukū tīmata i H3C-CH3 (ewaro), i ngā whirihoranga mokowā. he tika ki te hurihanga i roto i te rāpoi ngota here C-C i tenei. Ko reira hanga he ohie σ-here e taea te conformational (hurihuri) poinanaha.

poinanaha hanganga paraffins

Kia kōrero a pā ana ki te pehea, ki te hanga i poinanaha waiwaro tahi. Te piha haapiiraa e te poinanaha hanganga, i.e., hanga he mekameka waro ngota rerekē. Kore, te taea o te huri i te tūranga i roto i te mekameka o ngota waro o te kōhiwi waro i huaina poinanahatanga.

poinanaha o hewaro

Na, ka mahue nga poinanaha o te taonga he te hanganga C7H16? Ki he kau kamata, ka taea e koe te whakarite i te ngota waro katoa i roto i te kotahi string roa, tāpiri ki ia he maha etahi o ngota C. Kia pehea te nui? Tango ki pūkete e he rite ki te wha te honohono, o waro, i roto i te ngota tino ki te toru ngota hauwai me i te roto - e rua. Ko te rāpoi ngota hua kua he hanganga rārangi, he pūwaro i huaina n - hewaro. Ko te reta "n" te tikanga o te kōhiwi waro tika i roto i te pūwaro.

Na huri te wāhi o te ngota waro, "shortening" i roto i tenei take i te mekameka waro tika i roto i C7H16. kia Waihanga poinanaha i roto i te puka hanganga whänui poroa ranei. inaianei Whakaaroa te rua te whakatinanatanga. ngota kotahi C Tuatahi whakarite he methyl tuwhena i ngā tūranga rerekē.

Hohe hewaro poinanaha, kua te ingoa matū e whai ake nei: 2-methylhexane. Na "neke tatou i te" ngota waro tuwhena ki te muri. Ko te pūwaro kukū hua huaina 3-methylhexane.

Ki te mau tonu tatou ki te neke i taua tuwhena ka tīmata i runga i te taha ki matau (ofi ange ki te tihi ko te pūwaro tuwhena), e ko, whiwhi tatou tenei poinanaha, nei matou kua i. Na reira, whakaaro e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te hanga i te tātai o ngā poinanaha o te rauemi tīmata, ka ngana ki te hanga i te kōhiwi noa "poto".

Ko te toe e rua o te waro e taea e hakari i roto i te ahua o rua Radicals free - methyl.

Tuatahi whakarite ratou i roto i ngā waro rerekē ngā i roto i te mekameka matua. karanga matou i te hua poinanaha -2,3 dimethylpentane.

Na waiho te tuwhena i te wāhi kotahi, a ka neke ki te ngota waro tuarua i muri o te mekameka matua. huaina tēnei rauemi ko 2.4 dimethylpentane.

Na whakarite nga Radicals pūwaro i kotahi ngota waro. I te tuatahi, te tuarua, whiwhi 2,2 dimethylpentane. Na, ko te tuatoru te fariiraa i dimethylpentane 3.3.

Na waiho tatou i roto i te mekameka matua o wha ngota waro, te tahi atu e toru whakamahi rite Radicals methyl. whakarite matou ratou e whai ake: e rua i te ngota C tuarua, kotahi - te toru o nga waro. karanga matou whiwhi poinanaha: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

I roto i te tauira hewaro kōrero matou pehea ki te hanga poinanaha o waiwaro kukū. I roto i te pikitia e māngai tauira o ngā poinanaha hanganga mo butena6 ona pärönaki māota.

waiwaro rua

Tenei piha o matū waro e te tātai whānui CnH2n. I tua atu ki te kukū here C-C i roto i tenei piha haapiiraa, i reira te mea ano hoki he here rua. whakatau te reira i te āhuatanga taketake o tenei raupapa. Kia kōrero a pā ana ki te pehea, ki te waiho i te poinanaha o ngā waiwaro rua. Kia whakakitea ratou rerekētanga i waiwaro kukū. I tua atu ki te poinanahatanga o te mekameka matua (tātai hanganga) mō ngā māngai o tenei piha o waiwaro waro te hoki āhuatanga e toru ngā momo o ngā poinanaha, āhuahanga (cis me ngā trans), maha tūranga here me Interclass poinanaha (cycloalkanes).

poinanaha o C6H12

Whakamātauria ki te kitea i roto i pehea ki te tito poinanaha c6h12, whakaaro te meka e te taonga ki te tātai e taea no tika ki te akomanga e rua o ngā pūhui matū waro: waiwaro rua, cycloalkanes.

Hei timata, whakaaro e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te hei poinanaha o ngā waiwaro rua, ki te mea i reira te mea he here rua i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Hoatu mekameka waro tika, hoatu here maha i muri i te ngota waro tuatahi. tamata matou e kore anake ki te hanga poinanaha s6n12, engari ano hoki ki te ingoa i te taonga. Ko tēnei rauemi - hexene - 1 te tau tohu te tūranga i roto i te rāpoi ngota he here rua. I roto i tona kaupapa me te mekameka waro, whiwhi hexene hexene -2 me - 3

Na whakaaro tatou e founga ki te hanga poinanaha o tenei tātai, te huri i te maha o ngota i roto i te mekameka matua.

Hei whakapoto i te ngota waro tīmatanga waro koiwi kotahi, kei te whai whakaaro mai te reira rite te methyl tuwhena. here Double i muri i te poroporoaki tuatahi o te ngota S. te poinanaha hua o nomenclature nahanaha ka whai i te ingoa e whai ake nei: 2 methylpentene - 1. Na neke te rōpū hydrocarbyl i runga i te mekameka matua, ka mahue tonu te tūranga o te here rua. Tenei pūwaro hamanga ko te hanganga rārātini huaina 3 methylpentene-1.

He taea te reira i waho te huri i te tūranga o te mekameka matua me kotahi poinanaha here rua: 4 methylpentene-1.

Hoki C6H12 hanganga e taea tamata ki te neke i te here rua i te tuatahi ki te rua i te tūranga i waho e whakaahua ana ano te mekameka matua. Ko te tuwhena te kupu e whakangaueuetia taha te kōhiwi waro, mai te rua o ngota S. tenei poinanaha kua te ingoa 2 methylpentene-2. I tua atu, he mea ka taea ki te waiho i te CH3 ngota waro tuatoru tuwhena te kupu whiwhi 3-methylpentene 2

A, no te whakanohoia i roto i te toenga i te wha o nga mekameka waro ngota i hanga te tetahi pūwaro hamanga taonga hou ki waro kōhiwi awhiowhio te - 4 methylpentene-2.

Ki te atu whakaiti o te C tau i roto i te mekameka matua, e riro i tetahi poinanaha.

Ka waiho i te here rua i muri i te ngota waro tuatahi, me rua whakaorangia tuwhena ki te toru o nga ngota C o te mekameka matua, dimetiluten whiwhi 3,3-1.

Na whakanohoia tatou Radicals i runga i ngā ngota waro pātata, i waho te huri i te tūranga o te here rua whiwhi 2.3-dimethylbutyl 1. Whakamātauria i waho te huri i te rahi o te mekameka matua, te nekehanga here rua ki te rua te tūranga. Ko te Radicals penei e taea e tatou e tuku noa 2 ranei 3 ngota C, he 2.3 dimethylbut-2.

Ētahi atu poinanaha hanganga mo te waiwaro rua i homai e kore, i tetahi ngana ki te haere ake ki te ariā ka arahi ki te rangirua o te hanganga o ngā matū waro A. M. Butlerova.

poinanaha mokowā C6H12

Na kitea i roto i pehea ki te whakaputa poinanaha me homologs ona i te tirohanga o te poinanahatanga mokowā. He mea nui ki te mahino e nga cis me ngā waiwaro rua trans e taea anake mo te tūranga o te here rua o 2 me 3.

I roto i te kotahi manureva i hanga Radicals pūwaro cis - whanganga -2-hexene, me i Radicals whakaritenga i roto i rererangi rerekē, puka trans-hexene - 2.

Interclass poinanaha C6H12

Totohe e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te hanga i poinanaha me kore e taea homologues wareware e pā ana ki tenei whakatinanatanga rite Interclass poinanahatanga. Hoki hamanga waiwaro maha o ethylene, he te tātai whānui CnH2n taua poinanaha he cycloalkanes. Ko te āhuatanga o tenei piha haapiiraa o waiwaro ko te aroaro o te huringa (katia-koropiko) hanganga i roto i te here kotahi kukū i waenganui i ngā ngota waro. Ka taea e koe te hanga i tētahi tātai o te huriowaro, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimetiltsiklopropana.

mutunga

Ko matamaha matū waro, enigmatic. Ko te rahinga o ngā matū waro nui rau o nga wa te maha o pūhui pararopi. Kei te ngāwari tenei meka faataa e te oraraa o te taua āhuatanga ahurei rite poinanaha. Ki te whakaritea rite i roto i te hanganga me te āhuatanga o ngā matū, te huri i te tūranga o te ngota waro i roto i te mekameka te raupapa huirua, he pūhui hou ingoa poinanaha. Anake i muri i te ariā o te hanganga matū o ngā pūhui matū waro kua whakarōpūtia waiwaro katoa ki te matau i te pau o te piha haapiiraa ia. Ko tētahi o nga tikanga o tenei ariā, e pā ana hāngai ki te āhuatanga o te poinanahatanga. Ko te kēmihi nui Russian, i taea ki te matau, ki te whakamārama, ki te whakamatautau e whakawhirinaki te wāhi o te ngota waro i runga i te āhuatanga matū o te taonga, tona mahi reaktsionanya, tono mahi. Ki te whakarite tatou i te maha o ngā poinanaha i hanga haurokuroku waiwaro tahi hamanga me ngā waiwaro rua, ārahi tino waiwaro rua. Ko te take, ko te e reira ko he here rua i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Ko taea reira tenei piha o mea waro ki te hanga i te waiwaro rua kore anake o ngā momo rerekē me ngā hanganga, engari ano ki te kōrero e pā ana ki poinanaha meklassovoy ki cycloalkanes.