Plasmid - plasmids mahi he ...

Kei ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga rāpoi fakamisiteli, me te matatini o ngā pūtau rerekē, te nuinga o huakita tenei tuhinga - plasmids. Here ka kitea e koe i ngā mōhiohio i runga i to ratou hanganga, whakaaro, tikanga tukuruatanga, te āhuatanga whānui, me te nui atu.

ko nga plasmids

Plasmid - DNA ko te rāpoi ngota e kua he rahi iti me te tūranga tinana wehea i te pūira pūtau momo genomic. A ani i te kaha mo te tukanga tukuruatanga motuhake. Fele plasmid kitea i roto i ngā kaiao kitakita. Waho, tenei muingota he puka porowhita rua paea. Tino e taea te kitea plasmid onge i roto i archaea me eukaryotes.

Tikanga, i roto huakita plasmids mōhiohio iranga e taea te whakapai ake ātete ki ngā āhuatanga āhua waho pēhia e pa i te āhua o te kaiao i roto i nei e tū ratou. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, kia whakaiti i te plasmid te whai huatanga o paturopi tika ki nui haere pūmautanga o te huakita iho. kitea maha te tukanga o te whakawhiti plasmids i huakita ki te huakita. Plasmids - he āhuatanga hanganga e he rawa whai hua o whakawhiti mōhiohio ā-ira i roto i te ahua whakapae.

J. Lederberg - kaikoiora rāpoi, pūtaiao tuatahi i te United States, whakaurua te ariā o te plasmid i roto i 1952.

Ko te rahi ahu o plasmids me ratou tau

Plasmid - he hanganga he momo o te rahi. Ka taea e roto i te puka iti e pā ana ki e rua mano takirua turanga iti ranei, te mea i te tahi atu ahua nui o plasmids karapotia e rave rahi rau mano momo turanga takirua. E matau tenei taea ki a koe te utu i te aho i waenganui i megaplazmidami me paku-pūira. He huakita e taea whakatinana ngā momo o plasmids. I roto i tenei take, kia nui te tapeke o te rauemi ira te rahi o te rauemi o te pūtau ope.

Ko te maha o ngā kape o plasmids i te hunga i roto i te pūtau taua, e taea rerekē nui. Hei tauira, i roto i te kotahi pūtau reira kia kia he tokorua anake, i te maha o te tahi atu plasmids o te momo kotahi mai ki runga ki tekau rau ranei. Ko e tika ana ki te āhua o te tukuruatanga ratou tau.

Plasmid - he pūtau āhuatanga hanganga e taea o te tukuruatanga motuhake. Ko, ratou e taea tārua i runga i to ratou ake, kahore he kaupapa ki te whakahaere pūira. I te wa ano, taea ki te whakahaere plasmids ratou te pūira ko. I roto i te take o te mana tino o te maha o te plasmid tāruaruatia te tikanga iti, e pā ana ki 1-3. Plasmids Ko ake whakaraerae rahi iti a taea mana hinengaro ngoikore waihanga atu kape.

tukuruatanga

plasmid huakita e taea o te tukuruatanga motuhake. Heoi, he kaupapa ki te taumata o te mana pūira tenei tukanga. Ko e tika ana ki te kore o te tahi mau ira faufaa tenei. I roto i te tirohanga o tenei whākōkī pūtau e ngā i roto i te plasmid tukuruatanga.

Kei te wehea tukuruatanga taahiraa ki te taahiraa tomokanga, elongation me te whakamutunga. tīmata DNA polymerase tukuruatanga muri anake matomato te whakamahi i te tämata. Tuatahi e tupu Priming RNA, aru e pakaru tetahi o nga mekameka i hanga tuwhera ara iahiko kei te me free mutunga 3`-OH.

I roto i te nuinga o te wā, puta te atamira tomokanga i raro i te mahi o kaiwhakakökï pūmua whakawaeheretia e te plasmid. I te tahi taime e taea tomo enei ano pūmua ki te tämata tukanga vіrabotki.

puta elongation golofermenta whakamahi DNA polymerase III (ahau i ētahi wā), me etahi pūmua pūtau, arā, i roto i te replisome.

Whakamutunga o te tukuruatanga taea timata anake, ki te e tutaki etahi tikanga.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te mana tukuruatanga

tikanga tukuruatanga Mana whakamana i te wā o te tomokanga o te tukuruatanga. Tenei taea ki a koe kia mau te maha o plasmids i roto i te rahinga tino. Ki te rāpoi ngota e taea o te ite i te reira, e:

1. RNA he te wehenga tawhiti ritenga.
2. DNA - raupapa (Iteron).
3. RNA he te wehenga tawhiti ritenga, me pūmua.

meinga enei tikanga te auau o tukurua waihanga te plasmids roto te huringa pūtau, tuhi hoki ratou tetahi ine i te auau täkupu.

Momo o te tukuruatanga tikanga

E toru tikanga o tāruarua o plasmids:

1. Kei Theta tikanga o taui wāhanga 2 iahiko mātua RNA kōtuitanga tämata mo ia whenu, te tukuruatanga tīmata i te utu o hua o te momo kotuari PrNK i runga i mekameka e rua me te ariā o te DNA hāngai i runga i te iahiko mekameka mātua. Ahakoa te meka e e wahi te tukanga ariā i te wa ano, tetahi o nga mekameka ko te rangatira, me te tahi atu, ko te muri.
2. Whakauru mekameka - displacement o hou hua mekameka kotahi DNA o te matua. Ko te hua o tenei tikanga i hanga te DNA puka mekameka kotahi te momo mowhiti me supercoiled te DNA ki nga mekameka e rua. Ka kia whakahokia te DNA i tetahi mekameka muri.
3. porohita awhiowhio tukuruatanga tikanga - ko te āputa kotahi-paea o DNA te whakamahi i Rep pūmua. Nā tēnei, i roto i te rōpū 3`-OH, e ka mahi rite te tämata. Tenei tikanga e wahi i te tikanga o ngā pūmua kawe pūtau, hei tauira, he helicase DNA.

Aratau o te tuku

Plasmids whiwhi ki te pūtau, mā te whakamahi i tetahi o ara e rua. Ko te ara tuatahi - ko te whakatūnga o te whakapā i waenganui i te pūtau, me te kawe pūtau, e kore nei e roto i plasmids hua i te tukanga conjugation. He plasmids conjugative i roto i huakita, Gram-pai, me te Gram-tōraro. Ko te tikanga tuatahi ngā ano whakawhitihia i te wa o te transduction panoni ranei. mahi te ara tuarua e āwenewene i te whakauru plasmids ki te pūtau, me ora i te rauropi te faaiteraa o ira o nga pūtau kawe, whiwhi i.e. pūtau mātau.

mahi

Tūnga o plasmids te tikanga ko ki te hoatu i te pūtau ope āhuatanga motuhake. Etahi o ratou e taea e whakauaua whakaawe i te āhuatanga tohuāhua o tona ariki, i he nehenehe o meinga faaiteraa i roto i te āhuatanga pāpāho etahi, hoatu pai reira ki ētahi atu pūtau rite. Tenei painga i ka tu pūtau he pai ki te wheako ngā āhuatanga kino taiao i roto i nei ora reira. I roto i te ngaro o taua plasmids pūtau ranei e kore e tupu, ka whakawhanake, e kore e ngaro i te katoa ranei.

Plasmid - he pūtau wāhanga multifunctional. mahi ratou i te maha nui o ngā mahi:

1. Te kawe i ngā mōhiohio iranga i roto i te akoranga o te conjugation. Ko te tikanga, hanga ana e ia F-plasmids.
2. Bakteriotsinogennye plasmid mana te kōtuitanga pūmua, e taea e arahi ki te mate o te tahi atu huakita. Ko te nuinga tenei he Col-plasmids.
3. whai wāhi Hly-hononga plasmid hemolysin.
4. Meinga ātete ki te pānga o konganuku taimaha.
5. R-plasmid - whakapai ātete ki rongoā paturopi āpiha.
6. Tuhinga-plasmid - taea ki te synthesize enterotoxins.
7. ake i etahi o ratou i te tohu o te ātete ki te UV radiation.
8. Plasmids antigens Pākehā tukua kitakita wahi tango adhesion i runga i te mata pūtau i roto i te tinana kararehe.
9. Etahi o ratou māngai he kawenga mō te wāhanga o te whenu DNA, e ko, rāhuitanga me te whakarerekē.
10. Plasmids CAM take wāhinga hena, digested XYL xylene plasmid me plasmid tutaraanga - salicylate.

Ko te momo tino ako

E pai te ako te nuinga te iwi nga āhuatanga o plasmid F, R ko Kol

F-plasmid - ko te plasmid kongativnaya tino rongonui. He he episome, arā, o te turanga kotahi rau mano momo takirua. He ratou ake wāhi o tīmatanga tukuruatanga me te wāhi whati. Ka rite ki te tahi atu momo o plasmids conjugative, whai wāhi whakawaehere pūmua taea o antagonizing tāpiritanga tukanga pili atu kaiao kitakita ki ngā taiepa pūtau.

Haunga mōhiohio paerewa kei tra te huanui, me te trb, e whakarite i te, operon wāhi noa kei roto i te rau e toru tekau wha mano turanga takirua. Ko te ira kei roto i tenei operon, kawenga mō āhuatanga ngā o te conjugation.

R-plasmid (tauwehe) - ko te rāpoi ngota pītauira me he āhua annular. Kei roto plasmids DNA mōhiohio e te kawenga mō te rere, me te whakatinana i te tukanga tukuruatanga me whakawhiti ngā āhuatanga ātete ki te pūtau kaiwhiwhi. Ratou whakatau hoki te taumata o te ātete pūtau ki etahi paturopi. Ētahi o te R-plasmids e conjugative. he tika ki te transduction paerewa, me te wehenga pūtau Whakawhiti R-tauwehe. E taea ki te kia whakawhitia i waenganui i ngā momo rerekē i ia atu, ara ranei mau utuafare ratou.

Ko tenei ahua o plasmids maha ai raruraru i roto i te maimoatanga o mate kitakita mā te whakamahi i mohiotia wawetia āpiha rongoā paturopi.

He kawenga mō te kōtuitui o colicin col-plasmids - pūmua motuhake e taea tautāwhi i te tukanga o te tipu me te uri o te huakita, te kahore hoki te kawe.

whakarōpū Āhuahira

hanga te pūnaha whakarōpū katoa i roto i runga i etahi āhuatanga o plasmids:

1. Methods mō te tukuruatanga, me tona tikanga o te leakage.
2. Ko te aroaro o te whānuitanga noa o te pāpāho.
3. Āhuatanga tārua tau.
4. āhuatanga Topological o plasmids.
5. Hototahitanga.
6. Ia / plasmid conjugative.
7. Ko te aroaro o te ira tohu kei runga i te plasmid.

Heoi, i roto i tetahi tikanga o te whakarōpū kei te wāhi tukuruatanga tomokanga.

Tono o plasmids

plasmids mahi ka whakamahia e te tangata ko te tikanga o te hanga i te kape mōu o te DNA. Plasmids mahi ratou rite te pere. Te āhei ki te tukua tukuruatanga o plasmids ki waihanga te DNA recombinant i roto i te kawe pūtau. Te whakamahi whānui i kitea e ratou i roto i te engineering ira. E hanga āwenewene tenei peka o plasmids pūtaiao mo te whakawhiti o te mōhiohio momo ira tetahi mahi whakanao ki rauemi ira ranei.

Ko te ariā o enei wae pūtau kitea i roto i te ahumahi petipeti ( "Bioshock"). Plasmids mahi te mahi o ngā matū motuhake e e taea ki te hoatu āhuatanga ahurei o te tinana. He mea nui ki te mohio e te plasmids kēmu i tata kahore ki te mahi ki tetahi tūturu. Te kēmu whakamana i roto i te shooter momo ki ngā āhuatanga RPG, ka karanga Bioshock, plasmids he whakarereke ira momo o etahi āhuatanga o te tinana, a taui i to ratou ara o hoatu superabilities.