Pūira tane. I te Y-pūira e pā me te kawenga hoki te aha?

Ko te kaupapa o te rangahau ira - te ari o te whakapapa me te rerekētanga. American Scientist T-X. hanga Morgan te ariā pūira o whakapapa, whakamatautau e taea ia momo tohu etahi karyotypes e kei roto i enei momo o ngā pūira rite tinana me ngā iroriki. māngai Tata rerekē te rua motuhake i roto i nga tane me uwha. I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka titiro matou pehea te hanganga he ngā pūira tane, he wahine, me pehea rerekē ratou a ratou ano.

He aha te mea he karyotype?

āhuatanga ia matua kei roto pūtau e te nui etahi o pūira. Kei te karangatia e te reira i te karyotype. I roto i te momo rerekē ko tino motuhake te aroaro o ngā waeine hanganga o whakapapa, hei tauira, karyotype tangata o 46 pūira i roto i chimpanzees - 48 kōura - 112. ratou hanganga, te rahi, te hanga rerekē i te mau taata no ki rerekē taxa taxonomic. huaina te maha o ngā pūira i roto i te pūtau o te tinana te diploid. Ko reira angamaheni hoki whekau tinana me ngā kopa. Ki te te hua o ngā irakētanga karyotype huringa (hei tauira, i roto i tūroro ki Klinefelter Syndrome maha o pūira 47, 48), kua heke enei mau taata hua me i roto i te nuinga o te wā huakore. Ētahi atu mate tuku e pā ana ki pūira sex - Turner syndrome-Shereshevscky. puta te reira i roto i nga wahine kahore i nei i roto i te karyotype 46, me 45 pūira. Tenei te tikanga e i roto i te tokorua fakasekisualé kore he reira e rua pūira X, engari kotahi anake. Tohuāhua whakakitea i roto i te underdevelopment o nga gonads, painga tautuhi Tuarua āhuatanga fakasekisualé, me te pākoko.

Tinana me ngā sex pūira

rerekē ratou e rua i roto i te puka, me te huinga o ira i roto ia ratou. pūira tane Tangata me te kararehe ngā i roto i te rua sex heterogametic XY, whakarato whanaketanga o e rua āhuatanga sex tane tuatahi, me te tuarua. I roto i te tane, ngā manu fakasekisualé rua rua pūira ōrite ZZ tane i huaina homogametic. Roto i te rerekē ki pūira e whakatau te sex o te rauropi, he ōrite e rua i roto i te toa, me te i roto i te wahine karyotype hanganga tuku. Ko ratou i huaina autosomes. I roto i te karyotype tangata o 22 takirua. pūira tane me te wahine i whai ahua ai 23 te rua, na reira e taea te māngai te karyotype o te tangata rite te tātai whānui: 22 takirua o autosomes + XY, me nga wahine - 22 o autosomes + XX takirua.

pūira

Hanganga o ngā pūtau iroriki - tohuhema, i hanga nei i te kongutu o te whakatō kākano puta i roto i te gonads: testes me ovaries. Ēnei kopa i hanga whāiti pūira - te tukanga o te wehenga pūtau, hua i roto i te hanganga o tohuhema kei roto huinga haploid o pūira. arata'i Oogenesis oocyte ovarian matuatanga ki tetahi anake momo: X + 22 autosomes me te matuatanga o te spermatogenesis gomet whakarato rua momo o 22 autosomes me X + 22 autosomes + Y. I roto i te tangata i whakaritea sex o te tamaiti kei te i te wa o te hononga o te parāoa me te hua manu te karihi, me te tei i te karyotype parāoa.

Pūira me te huarahi o te faaotiraa sex

Kua whakaaroarohia e mātou kē te wāhi i nei i reira he sex faaotiraa i roto i te tangata - i te kau o te kikiritanga, a tei reira ki runga ki nga pūira o te parāoa. I roto i te tahi atu kararehe rerekē te tane i roto i te maha o ngā pūira. Hei tauira, kutukutu moana, pepeke, he mawhitiwhiti i tane diploid, i reira he kotahi anake pūira o te rua o sex, ia uwha - e rua. Ko te kupu, e taea te faaite i te kutukutu huinga haploid moana o pūira atsirokantusa tane e te tātai: 0 + 5 pūira pūira 5 + x ranei, a ka ko nga wahine i roto i te hua, kotahi anake te huinga o pūira 5 + x.

He aha te pānga o te dimorphism fakasekisualé?

I tua atu ki te pūira i reira e te tahi atu huarahi o te whakatau i te takoto. Ētahi hātaretare - rotifers, polychaetes - whakaritea sex te aroaro o te hanumi, o tohuhema - te kikiritanga, i roto i nei te toa me ngā pūira uha hanga he rua huirua. Uwha polychaete moana - dinofilyusa i roto i oogenesis ki te hanga i rua ngā momo o te hua manu. Ko te tuatahi - te iti, toene rawakore - e whakawhanake tane. Etahi - nui, ki te supply nui o ngā matūkai - e whakamahia mo te whanaketanga o uwha. I roto i te pi honi - he maha o pepeke Hymenoptera - uwha hua e rua momo o hua: diploid me haploid. Mai i hua unfertilized whakawhanake ki nga tane - te drones me te nga wairakau - wahine he pi kaimahi.

Hormones me ratou pānga i runga i te hanganga o te ira tangata

I roto i te tangata, repe toa - testes - hua te sex hormones raupapa testosterone. pā ratou te whanaketanga e rua o ngā āhuatanga sex tuatahi (te hanganga kikokiko o whēkau taihemahema roto, o waho), me i roto i ngā whaiaroaro. I raro i te mana o te testosterone e hanga e ngā āhuatanga tuarua fakasekisualé - te hanganga o te kōhiwi, rawa nga whika, te huruhuru tinana tinana, reo, te hanganga o te paeoro. ovaries te tinana o te wahine hua kore noa nga pūtau uri, engari hormones ano hoki, kia rite ki secretions repe i konatunatua. hormones Sex pērā i estradiol, te taiaki, estrogen, whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o kikokiko waho, me te ā, te tinana makawe tohatoha o momo wahine, whakahaere i te rere o te awa o te atua, me te hapū. Ētahi vertebrates, ika, annelids me amphibians biologically matū kaha whakaputaina e te gonads, kaha whakaawe te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga fakasekisualé tuatahi, me te tuarua, me ngā momo o pūira i roto i tenei take e kore e whai te nui pānga i runga i te hanganga o te ira tangata. Hei tauira, te torongū o te polychaete moana - mutu i raro i te mana o hormones wahine ki te tupu (te rahi 1-3 mm) he tane papaka - Bonelli. ora ratou i roto i te wahi taihemahema o uwha e whai i te roa o runga ki te 1 mita te tinana. I roto i te ika-horoi i roto i harems tane o te maha wahine. Uwha, ki te kahore te ovaries, ko nga timatanga o nga testes. Ka rite ki mate te tane, e tetahi o te whare wahine o uwha ki runga i tona mahi (i roto i tona tinana timata ki te whanake kaha gonads tane e hua hormones sex).

ture sex

I roto i te iranga tangata, kua kawea te reira i roto i te taha e rua ture: ko te tuatahi e tautuhi te hononga o gonads fare i te secretion o te testosterone me Mis taiki. Ko te tikanga tuarua tohu te wāhi tino hira takaro e te Y-pūira. tane me ona tohu kikokiko, me te whaiaroaro hāngai katoa whakawhanake i raro i te mana o ira kei roto i te Y-pūira. ka karanga taupätahinga me ti'aturiraa o e rua nga ture o te iranga tangata ko te parau tumu o te tupu: i roto i te ira, i te mea taera rua (te mea nga mea timatanga o repe wahine - Mullerian mahani me gonads tane - mahani Wolffian) pārōnaki o te gonad embryonic tei runga i te aroaro ngaro ranei i roto i te karyotype Y pūira.

mōhiohio iranga i roto i te Y-pūira

Akoranga geneticists, ngā T-X. Morgan, i kitea ai e i roto i te tangata, me kararehe, e kore ko te taua te hanganga ira o te X me ngā pūira Y. pūira tane i roto i te tangata i te tahi mau ngā irarā reira i runga i te pūira X. Heoi, i roto i to ratou puna ira kanohi SRY ira whakahaere spermatogenesis, ārahi ki te hanganga o te tane. disorders tuku o tenei ira i roto i te kukune arata'i ki te whanaketanga o te mate ira - Suayra syndrome. Ka rite ki te hua, kei te uha whakawhanake i te kukune taua XY karyotype takirua fakasekisualé te wahi anake o Y-pūira kei roto i te wāhi ira ranei. whakahohetia te reira i te whanaketanga o te gonads. e kore e Tūroro wahine rerekëtanga Tuarua āhuatanga moepuku, a ka he o Apimereke, ratou.

Y-pūira me mate ira

Mai tei tapaohia, te pūira toa rerekē i te X-pūira rite te rahi (ko reira iti) me te puka (he momo matau). hoki ano ia, me te huinga motuhake o ira. Hei tauira, he irakētanga o tetahi o nga ira i roto i te pūira he ahua tohuāhua whakakitea o paihere makawe pokepoke i runga i te taringa. Ko te āhuatanga tenei āhuatanga anake hoki nga tangata. Kei te mohiotia te reira i mate tupu meinga e te irakētanga pūira rite Klinefelter syndrome. Ko te tangata e mate ana i roto i te karyotype wahine anō pūira tane ranei: XXY HHUU ranei. Ko te āhuatanga tātaritanga matua ko te tupu pathological o nga repe mammary, osteoporosis, pākoko. Ko te tino noa te mate: i roto i nga 500 mau tamaroa hou 1 manawanui.

Hei whakarāpopoto, mōhio tatou e i roto i te tangata kia rite ki i roto i te tahi atu kararehe, whakaritea te takoto o te kaiao te i te kau o te kikiritanga, e tika ana ki te tetahi huinga o te X kākano me Y pūira sex.