Silicon (huānga matū) āhuatanga tātai āhuatanga. Silicon kōrero tuwhera

E rave rahi hou whakaaro hangarau me apparatuses kua hanga e tika ana ki te āhuatanga ahurei o matū kitea i roto i te natura. Te taata i te tamataraa, me te ako tupato o nga mea timatanga e haati nei ia tatou whakamohoatanga tonu ona ake tenenga - huaina tenei tukanga ko hangarau te ahunga whakamua. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i ohie, wātea ki nga mea katoa e haati nei ia tatou i roto i te ora ia rā. Hei tauira, te onepu, he aha e taea e te reira maere, me te rerekē? i taea ki te tutakina te reira i te takawai Scientists - he huānga matū, kahore nei i reira e kia kore taputapu rorohiko. He kanorau Ko tōna mara o tono me te whakawhānui tonu. tutuki ana tēnei e te āhuatanga ahurei o te ngota silicon, tona hanganga, me te taea o te pūhui ohie ki ētahi atu matū.

āhuatanga

I roto i te pūnaha wā, whakawhanakehia D. I. Mendeleevym, silicon (huānga matū) tohua e te tohu Si. E pā ana te reira ki te-konganuku kore, kei te i roto i te matua i te wha o rōpū o te toru o nga wā, kua te tau ngota e kore he kōpeka 14. Ko tōna pātata ki te waro: i roto i te tokomaha o ratou āhuatanga e rite. Kihai i kitea i roto i te āhua i roto i te puka parakore, hei huānga mātātoa, me te kua he here feunga kaha ki te hāora. rauemi Base - takawai, i te mea he waikura, me silicates (onepu). A, no te tenei silicon (tona pūhui tūturu) ko tetahi o nga mea timatanga matū tino noa i roto i te ao. Ko te rua ki te hāora (neke atu i te 28%) anake ihirangi hautanga Mass o reira. Kei roto i te apa kirinuku runga hāorarua silicon i roto i te puka (tenei kiripaka), ngā momo o uku, me te onepu. hanga te rōpū tino noa tuarua te ake o ona silicates. I te hohonu o e pā ana ki 35 km i te paparanga mata e whakaritea ofa'i me te karā putunga, e ngā pūhui silicon. E kore te te ihirangi ōrau o matua o te whenua ngā i roto i ano, engari tata ki te paparanga mata o te koroka (ki runga, ki te 900 km) Kei roto silicates. Ko te hanganga o te vairaa pape silicon kukū ko 3 mg / l, oneone kaupeka 40% ngā o pūhui. Hanganga, kua āta tirohia e nei te taata ki te rā i roto i tenei huānga matū i roto i ngā rahinga nui. Hei tauira, te tātari spectral o meteorites, e whakatata te whenua i te tawhiti e he wātea ki kairangahau kua whakakitea, kia ngā ratou o te 20% o te takawai. He he he pea o te hanganga o te ora i runga i te pūtake o tenei huānga i roto i to tatou tupuni.

tukanga rangahau

He maha ngā wāhanga History o te kitea o te takawai huānga matū. He maha matū, systematized Mendeleev, whakamahia e te taata no te mau tenetere. Ano, Ko nga mea timatanga i roto i te puka tūturu, .E i. i roto i te pūhui e kore kua matū tukinotia, a kihai i o ratou āhuatanga katoa mohiotia ki te iwi. I roto i te tukanga o ako nga āhuatanga katoa o te taonga ka puta ia whakamahinga hou. Ko te āhuatanga o te takawai ki te rā e kore i ako ra ano te mutunga - he makona tenei huānga whānui, me te kanorau o ngā tono ngā rau ruma mō ngā āhuatanga hou mō whakatupuranga heke mai o pūtaiao. tino ka hangarau Modern whakatere i tēnei tukanga. I roto i te rau tau XIX, kua maha Utaina rongonui e ngana ana ki te tiki i te takawai parakore. Hoki te wā tuatahi i reira taea ki te hanga Tenaru L. me J. Gay-Lussac i 1811, engari no te kitea o te huānga ki J. Berzelius, ko wai i taea e ki te tāutu i te taonga e kore e anake, engari ano hoki ki te whakaahua i te reira. ka kēmihi i Sweden silicon i roto i 1823, hoki tenei whakamahia ia pāhare pāporo konganuku me te pāhare pāporo tote. ka mau te tauhohenga wahi i te whakakōkī i te puka o te wera. Ko te taonga ohie tae hina-parauri hua ko te takawai amorphous. whiwhi Crystal huānga parakore i roto i 1855 Sainte-Kler Devilem. Kei te pā hāngai te whīwhiwhi ki tohatoha o te nui kaha here ngota. I roto i te wā e rua, kua whakahaua te tauhohenga matū ki te tukanga o te purenga i poke, i te tauira amorphous me tioata whai āhuatanga rerekē.

Silicon: matū whakahua huānga

whakaarohia i e Berzelius - te ingoa tuatahi o te paura hua - Kizel. I roto i te United Basileia me te United States i tuku silicon me tenei ra ki rite silicon (Silicium) ranei silicone (Silicon). Ahu Ko te wā i te Latino kupu "kohatu" ( "kohatu" ranei), a i roto i nuinga o te wā e herea ai ki te ariā "whenua" e tika ana ki te whānui horapa i roto i te natura. He rerekē whakahua Russian o te matū, te reira i katoa tei runga i te pūtake. I huaina e ia takawai (Zakharov tono te wā i roto i 1810), Sicily (1824, Dvigubsky, Solovyov), silica (1825, wehi), a anake i roto i 1834, te kēmihi Russian German Ivanovich Gess whakamōhio he ingoa e whakamahia noa nei te nuinga o ngā mātāpuna - silicon. Te Periodic Mendeleyev Pūnaha ia tohu tohua Si. Me pēhea te ki te pānui i te takawai huānga matū? He maha mataotao o whenua English-korero kiia tona ingoa rite "B" ranei te whakamahi i te kupu "silicone". No reira te ingoa o te raorao, i te mea he rangahau me te ahumahi o te tūāpapa pūmārō rorohiko ao-rongonui. pā taupori Russian-korero ki te huānga silicon (i te kupu Kariki "pari Mountain").

Te riroraa i roto i te āhua: mara

pūnaha maunga Katoa tito o pūhui silicon, e kore e nei i kitea i roto i te puka parakore, no te mea he dioxides silicates (aluminosilicates) ranei kohuke mohiotia katoa. Ko te ataahua mīharo o te kohatu i whakamahia e te iwi hei rauemi whakapaipai - opals reira, amethysts, momo kiripaka, hahapa, karakeroni, akete, toka karaihe, harariu, me te tini ke atu. E hanga e ratou e tika ana ki te takanga o te ngā pūhui silicon i whakaritea te kiato, hanganga, tae me te aronga o te whakamahi. A tai'o faahou i te ao pararopi taea te pā ana ki te huānga matū taua, i roto i nei te taiao hanga kaha here ki konganuku ranei konganuku (konutea, konupora, konupūmā, konupora, Titanium, me te pera i runga i. D.). Na roto i te rite ki ētahi atu matū, silicon tika ngāwari ana te āhei mō te tangohanga i te tauine ahumahi: kua kitea taua mea i roto i te nuinga o tokahuke me ngā kohuke momo. Na reira, kei te hono putunga kaha keria ki te puna tino utu o te pūngao i te ki te tautau rohe o mea. E wātea ana i roto i te whenua katoa Quartzites me kiripaka onepu. Te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakanao nui me kaituku silicon he: China, France, Norway, United States (Te Hau-ā-uru Virginia, Ohio, Alabama, New York), Ahitereiria, Awherika ki te Tonga, Canada, Brazil. whakamahi ngā kaiwhakanao katoa he momo o huarahi, e whakawhirinaki i runga i te momo o te hua (hangarau, Semiconductor, tiketike-silicon). Matū huānga taonga ato'a i ētahi wā ranei, pure i ngā momo katoa o te poke āhuatanga takitahi o e tei runga i tona whakamahi atu. E pā ana hoki tēnei ki te taonga. hanganga Silicon tautuhi ana te hōkai o tona tono.

History o whakamahi

Tino maha, no te mea o te ōrite o ngā ingoa o te iwi whakapoauau silicon me mata, engari e kore e ōrite enei ariā. E mārama matou. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, i roto i te āhua, e kore e kitea silicon i roto i tona ahua parakore, e kore e taea te mea e pā ana ki ana hononga (te taua takawai). Nga kohuke matua me toka i hanga hāorarua e whakaaro tatou te taonga - he onepu (wai, me te takawai), kiripaka me te quartzite, wherepāra me te kiripaka. i rongo te whakamutunga me whai katoa, no te mea kua hoatu ki faufaa nui i roto i te aamu o te taata nei. Ki tenei here i te taputapu kohatu i te tangata i roto i te kohatu Age. koi tōna taha hua i te riwha o te kamaka, nui whakahaere te mahi o nga ngaahi uaifi tauhi onamata, me te taea o te Sharpening - mohoao me kaihao. kihai i whai kiripaka te kaha o ngā hua whakarewa, engari ngāwari taea te whakakapia te mea i rahua. Ko tōna whakamahi rite te kiripaka roa maha tenetere - tae noa ki te tenenga o puna kē.

Ki te whakaaro ki mau o tenei ra, te āhuatanga o te takawai hanga reira taea ki te whakamahi i te rauemi mō te whakapaipai i te hanganga o te hokona uku ranei, ki, i roto i te tua ki te ahua rerehua pai, kua reira he maha o 'ulungaanga mahi pai. He aronga motuhake o tona tono e tika ana ki te tenenga o te karaihe e pā ana ki 3000 tau ki muri. Tenei hui whakaratohia ha faingamālie ki te waihanga whakaata, rihi, mosaic karaihe ōpure o ngā pūhui e silicon. Tātai matū tuatahi kō wae e tika ana, tuku i te hua ki te hoatu i te tae e hiahiatia ana me te pānga i runga i te kaha o te karaihe. ataahua Amazing me te momo o mahi o toi i hanga e te tangata i kohuke me te kohatu kei roto silicon. Ko te āhuatanga whakaora o tenei huānga kua whakaahuatia e te pūtaiao o onamata me whakamahia puta noa i te aamu o te taata nei. whakatakotoria ratou i nga poka mo inu rokiroki wai mō ngā hua e whakamahia ana i roto i te ora ia rā, me te i roto i te rongoā. Ko te paura whiwhi i te huri i tono ki te patunga. utua ngā aro i ki te wai i onoono i roto i te kohua i hanga o ngā pūhui e silicon. haaraa hanganga huānga matū ki reira, tuku i te tau whakangaro huakita pathogenic me microorganisms. A e kore te e nga rāngai katoa te wahi e whakaaro tatou te taonga, ko te rawa, rawa i roto i te tono. hanganga silicon ai tona multifunctionality.

āhuatanga

Hoki ētahi atu kōrero i runga i te āhuatanga o te rauemi he mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro, tango ki pūkete nga āhuatanga taea katoa. Mahere āhuatanga huānga silicon matū ngā āhuatanga ōkiko, tawhā hiko, te pūhui ako me tikanga tauhohe, me pera ratou irava. G. Silicon i te puka, tioata he tae hina pouri ki te e takatu ai konganuku. Kanohi-fakatefito wini whakakahokaho pūtoru o waro rite (taimana), engari e kore te mea rite kaha e tika ana ki te roa nui o nga hononga. Kirihou e reira wera ki runga ki te 800 ^{° C,} i roto i te tahi atu te wā, e noho reira pakarukaru. Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o te takawai kia taonga pono ahurei reira: ko reira mārama ki te radiation pōkākā. ira whakakoero - 1410 ⁰ C me te kohua - 2600 ⁰ C, te kiato raro tikanga noa - 2330 kg / m ^3. e kore te mea tamau mo te ngā tauira e riro te reira i roto i te uara āwhiwhiwhi o 25 ⁰ C. Ko te āhuatanga o te ngota silicon tukua tona whakamahi rite te Semiconductor kawe ia Thermal. Ko te nuinga o taua tono i roto i te tono i roto i te ao i teie mahana. Ko te rahi o te kawe ia pānga te hanganga o te silicon me āhuatanga, kei roto i te taha ki a ratou. Na, mo te kawe ia hiko whakarei e whakamahia kakano, te ateneke, ūkuikui, mo te pūwatawata - konumohe, gallium, boron, indium. A, no te te hanga pūrere ki silicon whakamahia te rite te maimoatanga mata aratohu ki te kaihoko, e pä te mahi o te taputapu.

Ko te āhuatanga o te takawai hei kaiwhakahaere pai whakamahia rawa ngā i roto i te mauhaa hou. Tino nui tona whakamahi i roto i te hanga o te taputapu mātanga (hei tauira, ngā pūrere rorohiko hou, rorohiko).

Silicon: huānga ngā āhuatanga matū

I roto i te nuinga o te wā, te silicon he tetravalent, i reira e ano kōrero i roto i nei e taea te whakaturia te reira ki te rua. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa ko reira kaha painga, He kaha pūhui i te pāmahana rūma e taea anake ariu ki köwhai i roto i te āhua whakahiato haurehu waihā. Ko e tika ana ki te ārai mata kiriata pānga hāorarua, kitea nei i roto i te pāhekoheko ki te hāora ambient wai ranei tenei. Hei whakaongaonga i te tauhohe e tika ana ki te whakamahi i te whakakōkī: he hua i roto i te pāmahana he pai hoki te taonga pērā i silicon. tauhohe huānga Chemical ki te hāora i 400-500 ⁰ C, hua piki kiriata hāorarua, te tukanga o te piti hāora. A, no te te whakaarahia te pāmahana ki te 50 ⁰ C te tauhohe ki te pūkeha, māota, iodine, ai hanga e tetrahalides te ahua. Ki te waikawa kore e silicon tauhohe, me te haunga o te ranunga o te waikawa hydrofluoric me hauota, i tetahi alkali i roto i te āhua wera he whakarewa. Silanes whakaputaina anake i whāwehe o silicides i roto i te tauhohe ki te hauwai e kore e tomo te reira. rerekē te kaha, me te matū teitei pūhui passivity ki boron me te waro. ātete High ki kawakore me waikawa, ki te pūhui o hauota, e puta i pāmahana i runga i 1000 ⁰ C. e whiwhi nga silicides i te tauhohenga ki ngā konganuku, a i roto i tenei take, tei runga i te valency o te huānga tautoko, e whakaatu ana silicon. taonga Tātai i hanga ki te whai wāhitanga o te whakarewa whakawhitinga he ātete ki te waikawa. Ko te hanganga o te ngota silicon tika pānga ona āhuatanga me te kaha ki te taunekeneke ki ētahi atu āhuatanga. Ko te tukanga o te hanganga o here i roto i te āhua me te ka whai wāhi ki te taonga (i roto i te taiwhanga, taiao ahumahi) rerekē tino. hanganga Silicon riro tona mahi matū.

hanganga

He ona ake āhuatanga te hanganga taiawhio o te ngota silicon. Ko te matua tiaki 14, e hāngai ana ki te tau raupapa i roto i te pūnaha wā. Ko te maha o matūriki i ako: iraoho - 14; irahiko - 14; iramoe - 14. Ko te hanganga taiawhio o ngota silicon ko te whai ake: Si +14) 2) 8) 4. I runga i te (waho) taumata irahiko whakamutunga e 4 e whakatau te tohu o hāora ki te tohu "+" ranei "-". Silicon waikura e te tātai SiO ₂ (honohono, 4+), he pūhui hauwai ahua - SiH ₄ (honohono o -4). nui nui o ngota silicon taea i roto i te tahi mau pūhui i te tau ruruku o 6, pērā i te pūhui ki köwhai. papatipu titiwha - 28 pūtoro ngota - 132 PS, te whirihoranga anga irahiko: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 3s ^{2 6} 2P 3P ^2.

tono

Surfactants silicon tino doped ranei whakamahia te rite te Semiconductor ki runga ki hanganga o maha, tae atu pū, ngā pūrere (hei tauira, ngā pūtau solar, transistors, rectifier me te t. D.). whakamahia Ultrapure silicon te ki te waihanga pūtau solar (pūngao). Kei te whakamahia Momo karaihe kotahi mo te hanga o whakaata me te hau laser. pūhui silicon karaihe whiwhi, herameke, uku, porcelain me te oneone. He uaua ki te whakaahua i te momo o ngā momo o taonga hua, puta ratou faaohiparaa i roto i te ora ia rā, i roto i te toi me te pūtaiao, i roto i te wāhi mahi. Ko te sima hua ko te rauemi raw ki te waihanga hanumi me ngā rauemi mutunga pereki. Distribution o hinu, lubricants i runga i pūhui silicone taea te whakaiti i te waku i roto i te wahi neke o tikanga maha. Kei te whānui Silicides tika ki ngā āhuatanga ahurei i roto i te counter pāpāho kaitaua (waikawa, pāmahana) e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi. tango ratou hiko, tohu karihi, me te matū ki te pūkete te tohunga ki runga ki ngā matatini, nui kahore iti tūranga me te hanganga o te ngota silicon.

Kua whakarārangitia matou i te tino nui-tech, me te matatau ki te tono rā. Ko te tino noa, hua nei i roto i ngā rahinga nui whakamahia silicon Hangarau i roto i te maha o ngā huarahi:

1. Ka rite ki rauemi raw mo te hanga o te taonga parakore.
2. Hoki alloying ahumahi metallurgical: te aroaro o silicon faarahi te refractoriness, whakapai ake te waikura resistance me te kaha aunoa (ki te taikaha o tenei huānga, ka taea e te koranu riro pakarukaru rawa).
3. Ka rite ki te deoxidizer mō te tango i te hāora i te taikaha i te whakarewa.
4. rauemi Raw mo te hanga o silanes (pūhui Si ki matū organic).
5. Hoki hauwai production o koranu silicon-rino.
6. Production o awhi solar.

uara nui o te taonga, me te mo te mahi noa o te rauropi tangata. hanganga silicon, ko ona āhuatanga i roto i tenei take whakatakotoria. I roto i tenei take, he tuwhene kore ranei o reira arata'i ki mate nui.

Ko te tinana tangata

Medicine mo te wa roa te whakamahi i silicon rite te bactericidal me rongoā horoi. Otiia ki nga painga katoa o te whakamahi waho me tonu whakahoutia tenei huānga i roto i te tinana tangata. Ko te taumata noa o tona ihirangi ka whakapai ake i te ora i roto i te whānui. I roto i te hui o te kore o neke atu i te 70 ngā huānga wahi me huaora e metabolized ratou i te tinana, i te mea tino raro ātete ki te momo o mate. kitea te ōrau teitei o te takawai kei roto i te wheua, kiri, tendons. nui ia te tūranga o te huānga hanganga e tautoko te kaha, me te homai elasticity. i hanga kiko pakeke kōhiwi katoa i te utu o ona pūhui. Ka rite ki te hua o te rangahau tata kitea he ihirangi silicon i te whatukuhu, repe taiaki me kopa tūhonohono. Ko āhua nui te tūranga o enei tinana i roto i te mahi o te tinana, na te whakaiti tona ihirangi he pānga tuukino i maha tohu matua o te oranga. kia riro i te ra ki te kai, me te tinana i te wai 1 karamu o te takawai - ka tenei te āwhina karo mate taea pērā i mumura o te kiri, fakamolū o wheua, hanganga o kohatu i roto i te ate, whatukuhu, kite te peroo, makawe me ngā āhuatanga titi, atherosclerosis. A, no te normalizes te taumata rawaka o te ihirangi o tenei piki huānga wātea i te mate, pākia, whakapiki i te absorption o maha āhuatanga e tika ana mō te hauora tangata. Ko te nui nui rawa o te silica - i roto i hua totokore, uhikura, Buckwheat. E kawea nui painga ki te wai silicon. Hei whakatau i te maha me te auau o tona whakamahi ko pai ki te kōrero ki te mātanga.