Plants tari "gymnosperms": tohu, hanganga āhuatanga, tauira

Plants tākaro he wāhi tino nui i roto i te natura, kia rite ki te hunga nehenehe o te ahotakakame ratou. Ko te tukanga ai te tipu i te hauhā, te wai, me te pūngao kōmaru whiwhi he matūkai me tuku hoki hāora tenei. Na reira, ko te reira te whakawhetai ki te otaota i runga i te whenua ka taea e te tīariari kararehe, me e tatou ki a koutou.

whakarōpū o ngā tipu

Katoa te rangatiratanga o te tipu e wehea ki ngā wāhanga tekau:

• Rimurapa.
• pükohu Green.
• pükohu Blue-matomato.
• pükohu Whero.
• Horahia e te utuafare Moss.
• Fern.
• Horsetail.
• Lycopsids.
• Angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms.

I roto i enei tipu e taea te kitea e rua ngā rōpū i runga i te hanganga o rānei:

• raro;
• teitei.

Hei ngā nga wehenga o raro katoa o pükohu, mai hapa ratou i te pārōnaki o te kopa. He kahore whekau te tinana. 'S huaina reira rau tuawhiti.

Ka taea te wehea tipu Higher, i runga i te tikanga o te uri rānei ki:

• spore;
• uri.

E te spore he aruhe, lycopsids, horahia Moss, Horsetail.

Hei purapura tari paetukutuku gymnosperms me angiosperms.

Mō gymnosperms, ka kōrero tatou i roto i te taipitopito ake i roto i tenei tuhinga.

whakarōpū o gymnosperms

taxon Next e tu i roto i roto i nga wahi katoa o te kingitanga, "Plants" - he piha haapiiraa. E wehea Gymnosperms ki ngā akomanga e wha:

1. Gnetalians.
2. Ginkgo.
3. Sagovnikovye (cycads).
4. Conifers.

'Representatives me nga āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa ia e aparau i tatou i muri. Na, ko te āhuatanga noa o gymnosperms katoa, ka kia whakaaro ratou whaiaroaro, me te koiora.

Gymnosperms: te hanganga o te tipu

E pā ana tēnei tari ki te tipu teitei. Tenei te tikanga e ngā o whekau, e kua hangaia i ngā momo rerekē o te papanga ratou tinana.

Tinana o gymnosperms

Tei runga i te wāhi o te tinana, e taea te wehea ratou ki te mata, me te raro. Homai ratou mahi, me te hanganga, ka taea e tatou te wehe vegetative me okana generative.

whekau vegetative: hanganga me te mahi

Tenei rōpū o tinana, ko te pūnaha pakiaka raro, me te mawhiti whenua.

Kei te pūnaha pakiaka o pakiaka maha, tae atu kotahi ariki, me taea te tāutuhia maha pakiaka lateral. I tua atu, kia riro te tipu atu me iōra.

He taua mahi pakiaka:

• Te whiwhi i te tipu i roto i te oneone.
• Ko te absorption o te wai ki rewa moroiti-me tonotono.
• Transportation o te wai me te kohuke rewa ki te mana whenua.
• I te tahi taime - te rokiroki o ngā matūkai.

Rere atu - Ko reira ano hoki he pūnaha o tinana. Kei a ia ko te kakau, rau me te puku.

mawhiti taumahi ōkena:

• Kakau: tautoko me te mahi waka, whakarato he hono i waenganui i nga pakiaka, me te rau.
• Rau: te ahotakakame, manawa, utu hau, te pāmahana ture.
• Whatukuhu e E hanga e te wana hou.

Gymnosperms me angiosperms i nga whekau vegetative taua, ko nga whekau generative he rerekē ratou.

whekau Generative o gymnosperms

whekau Generative - ko nga mea e whakarato te tārua o te rauropi. I roto i angiosperms tenei - he puawai. Ko te tipu tari "gymnosperms" te nuinga riro nga whekau generative, rite fepulopulasi. Ko te tauira ataata tino Tūrongo he puruhi, me te pine te mahuetanga.

Ko te hanganga o te tihi

Ko te wana whakarerekētia, hipoki ki te unahi. He te mahuetanga tane, he wahine, e kua hanga e e te toa me ngā pūtau sex wahine (tohuhema), aua.

Ka taea te kite i te mahuetanga paina he tane, me te wahine i roto i te whakaahua i raro nei hei tauira.

He māngai i gymnosperms, i roto i nei he tipu e rua tane, me te wahine i runga i te tipu kotahi. E huaina ratou monoecious. Hoki i reira he gymnosperms dioecious. E toa ratou, a he te mahuetanga wahine i roto i te puka rerekē. Heoi, ko te tipu tari "gymnosperms" te nuinga monoecious.

I runga i nga pauna o te mahuetanga wahine e kei i runga i rua ūhā, e kua hanga e tohuhema wahine - hua manu.

I runga i nga pauna o te mahuetanga tane he peke hae. hanga e ratou te hae, e kei te parāoa - te pūtau tane.

A, no te arotakehia e matou te hanganga o nga gymnosperms, kōrero e pā ana ki to ratou uri.

Ka rite ki o tihi paina tupu

puta gymnosperms uri mā purapura. Ratou, i rite ki nga purapura o ngā tipu whaipua, e kore e karapotia e te hua.

haamata Gymnosperms uri ki te meka e tipu i roto i te tetahi wā o te tākihi āhua wana whakarerekētia - tane me te mahuetanga wahine. Muri ki a ratou i hanga hae me te hua manu te whakaatu i.

Ruingahae te mahuetanga wahine mai i te hau.

I muri i te kikiritanga o nga ūhā, e kua kei i runga i te pauna o tihi wahine, purapura whakawhanake. O enei, ka e hanga e nga māngai hou o gymnosperms.

Mai i te aha te kopa e tito tinana?

Plants tari "gymnosperms" me te katoa te runga, i hanga ki runga o te kopa rerekē.

Kei reira ētahi momo o te tipu te kopa:

• Paninga. Ēnei papanga mahi he mahi tiaki. E wehea ratou ki te kiriwaho, puru, me te puru. hipokina ana te kiriwaho wahi katoa o te tipu. He stomata mō utu hau. kia hoki kia pani rawa ki te atu paparanga tiaki o te ware pi. i hanga te plug te i runga i te kātua, pakiaka, manga me unahi tupu. Cork - Ko reira tito te papanga hipoki te o ngā pūtau mate ki anga a Papatuanuku. Kei a ia ko te kiri o gymnosperms.
• Aunoa. Tenei papanga whakarato he kaha te kakau. Kei te wehea te reira ki collenchyma me sclerenchyma. Ko te tuatahi kanohi nga pūtau ora ki te anga matotoru. Kei te tito Sclerenchyma o ngā pūtau mate ki anga a Papatuanuku. ngā muka pūkaha i roto i te kopa conductive roto i roto i ngā tātā gymnosperms.
• Ko te papanga matua. Ko reira ko te pūtake o nga whekau katoa. Ko te nui tino o te kiko e whāriki ana - whakawhenumi. Ko reira te pūtake o te rau. Ko te pūtau o tenei kikokiko ko te maha nui o chloroplasts. Here a e ahotakakame wahi. i roto i te gymnosperms hakari whekau pērā i te ahua o te tōkena turanga papanga hoki. kohikohi te reira i kapia ngā matūkai, me ētahi atu
• papanga conductive. Wehea ki te kōtai me kōkai. hoki i huaina kōtai rakau me te kōkai - Heoi. E tū ana i roto i te kātua me peka o te tipu. Kei o gymnosperms kōtai oko. E whakarato ana waka o te wai ki te matū rewa i pakiaka ki rau. Kōkai gymnosperms momo māngai korere tatari. Kei te hangaia Lub mo te waka o ngā matū i te rau ki te pakiaka.
• papanga Educational. O enei, i hanga atu kikokiko katoa gymnosperms, i nei e hanga okana katoa. E wehea ratou ki apical, lateral me intercalary. Apical kei i runga i te tihi o te manga, me te i te pito o te pakiaka. ka karanga ano te taha papanga mātauranga te cambium. Kei roto i te kātua o te rākau i waenganui i te rakau, me te bast. Intercalary papanga mātauranga he interstices i te turanga. He hoki kiko marutanga mātauranga e puta i te pae o te kino.

Na ka titiro matou ki te hanganga o te gymnosperms. Tatou i teie nei tahuri ki a ratou māngai.

Gymnosperms: tauira

Ka rite ki ta tatou e matau kua pehea ki te hanga i te tipu o te tari, kia titiro a ki to ratou kanorau. Ka kia whakaahuatia Next nga māngai o akomanga rerekē, e kua whakaurua i roto i "Gymnosperms" tari.

Class "Gnetova"

Tari o Plants "gymnosperms" piha "Gnetova" e wehea ki mau utuafare e toru

1. Family "Velvichievye".
2. Family "Gnetova".
3. Family "Hvoynikovye".

Kia titiro a ki te māngai tino nui o nga rōpū e toru o ngā tipu.

Na Welwitschia mīharo. Ko reira anake te mema o te velvichievyh utuafare. Tenei gymnosperms māngai tipu i roto i te koraha Namib, me ētahi atu koraha o Tonga Te Hau-ā-uru Africa. Te tipu he kātua poto engari matotoru. Ko tōna teitei ko 0.5 m me te diameter ko 1.2 m. Mai tenei ahua o noho i roto i te koraha, kua reira pakiaka matua roa, e te mea 3 mita hohonu. Ko te rau e tupu ana i te Welwitschia kātua - ko reira he semeio. I roto i te rerekē ki te rau o te tahi atu otaota i roto i te ao nei, e kore ratou e taka atu. E tonu tipu ratou i te turanga, engari wā mate i te mutunga. Tonu whakahōu kia e ora i enei rau rite nui rite te Welwitschia iho (i ora ai tauira mohiotia hoki neke atu i te 2 mano. Tau).

e pā ana ki 40 ngā momo kei gnetalians te utuafare. Ko te nuinga tenei rakau iti, waina, i te iti rawa - te rakau. tupu ratou i roto i nga ngahere pārūrū o Ahia, Oceania, Central Africa. He nui ake rite gnetalians ana whakaaro angiosperms. Tauira o te melo o te utuafare e melinzho, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum rarai et al.

whānau hvoynikovyh ngā 67 momo o tipu. Hoki tenei ora rakau puka me rakau iti. tupu ratou i roto i Amerika ki te Tonga Ahia, te Mediterranean me. E rau kawe ngā mema o tenei hapu. Tauira hvoynikovyh kia whakahuatia ai US ephedra, ephedra horsetail, Ephedra coniferous, Ephedra matomato, me ētahi atu

Class "Ginkgoales"

Tenei rōpū ngā kotahi utuafare. Ko te māngai anake o tenei hapu, ko te Ginkgo biloba. Ko te rakau roroa (ki runga, ki te 30 mita) ki rau tahi-rite nui. Tenei te tipu Tuhinga, i puta i runga i te whenua 125 miriona tau ki muri! Tangohanga i Ginkgo te maha whakamahia i roto i te rongoa mo te maimoatanga o mate iaia, tae atu atherosclerosis.

Class "Sagovnikovye"

Reira gymnosperms hoki. Tauira o tenei piha haapiiraa o te tipu: cycad Rumphi District, Cycas revoluta, Cycas Thouarsii etc. Ko ratou te whānau kotahi katoa - "Sagovnikovye".

tupu ratou i roto i Ahia, Indonesia, Ahitereiria, Oceania, Madagascar.

Ēnei tipu rite kapu. awhe ratou teitei i 2 ki te 15 mita. Ko te kātua Ko te tikanga matotoru, me te poto, ka whakaritea ki te matotoru. Ko te kupu, i roto i Cycas revoluta tona diameter ko 100 cm, i te tiketike - 300 cm.

Class "ngā koroī ki"

Ko pea tenei te piha haapiiraa o Tari o gymnosperms tino pai-mohiotia. Ko te maha tino hoki ia.

Kei tēnei piha o te tikanga kotahi - "Pine". I mua i roto i te ao nei, i reira he tonu e toru whakahau o koroī te piha haapiiraa, engari kua riro ratou māngai ngaro.

Kei o e whitu hapu te tikanga i runga ake-whakahuatia:

1. Cephalotaxaceae.
2. Yew.
3. Stsiadopitisovye.
4. Podocarpaceae.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Kauri.

Kei te whānau o te 20 māngai cephalotaxaceae. Tenei rakau iti matomato me rakau. Kua whakaritea te ngira i roto i te tōrino. Mai i Yew cephalotaxaceae rerekē i roto i taua ena ratou mahuetanga nui roa, a ka whai ratou purapura nui-rahi.

Yew whānau ngā pā ana ki 30 ngā momo o ngā mauwha me rakau. He dioecious nga otaota katoa o tenei hapu. Ka taea te whakaaro tauira o te mau melo o tenei hapu Yew Kiwa, Florida, Canadian, Yew Pākehā me ētahi atu.

Ko te stsiadopitisovye whānau ngā rakau matomato, e maha i whakamahia hei taonga.

kia whakahuatia ai tauira o ngā māngai o te Podocarpaceae dakridium whānau, fillokladus, Podocarpus etc. tupu ratou i roto i ngā wāhi hou: i roto i Aotearoa, me te New Caledonia.

Araucariaceae whānau ngā pā ana ki 40 ngā momo. vai kē Māngai o te whānau i runga i te whenua i roto i nga wā Jurassic, me te Cretaceous. Ka taea te whakaaro tauira australis Agathis, dammar Agathis, Araucaria Brazil, Chile Araucaria, Wollemi Noble et al.

whānau paina ngā taua rakau pai mohiotia rite puruhi, te rimu, hita, larch, taru, kauri me ētahi atu tipu katoa no ki tenei hapu, tupu i roto i te Tuakoi Raki i roto i climates hitahita. Gymnosperms tenei hapu e maha whakamahia i roto i te rongoā tangata me ētahi atu ahumahi tika ki ona resins me hinu faufaa.