Structuralism - Ko reira ... te whakaaro taketake o te structuralism

I roto i te ahurea o nāianei noho te structuralism wahi motuhake. обуславливается необходимостью разработки новых методов исследования, базирующихся исключительно на научных концепциях. necessitates tenei te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hou o te rangahau e hāngai ana anake i runga i ngā ariā pūtaiao. Nui mana i runga i te ako i te pāngarau, cybernetics, semiotics. . A feruri i te mau mana'o taketake o structuralism.

te mau parau tumu matua

методологическое направление в исследовании общественно-культурных явлений. Structuralism - Ko te aronga huarahi i roto i te ako o te tītohu pāpori, me te ahurea. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te mau parau tumu e whai ake nei:

1. whakaaro te tukanga e rite te oti, maha-apa hanganga.
2. kawea te ako i roto i ki te ari o te rerekētanga - i roto i te ahurea ngā, he wāhi atu whānui i roto i nei taui reira ranei.

Ka rite ki te hua whakamutunga tavini whakatauira "hanganga", te whakatūnga o te tapatahi ahurea moe whakatupuranga arorau.

āhuatanga

метод, используемый при исследовании форм, в которых выражается культуроведческая деятельность людей. Structuralism - Ko reira te tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te ako o ngā puka e faaite rangahau ahurea mahi tangata. Ka rite ki te hunga ratou tangohia nga universals tangata te ao ture pāpori me te kaupapa-hinengaro mahi. E whakaritea ana ēnei puka hanganga ariā. , I roto i te tahuri, tukinotia ia e rite te huinga o whanaunga, pupuri ratou pūmautanga i runga i te wā roa o mua ranei i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao. Ēnei ngā hanganga taketake mahi tikanga rite mauri e whakahaere auahatanga wairua, me te tangata katoa.

hoko ako

Kua tāutuhia ngā kairangahau he maha o ngā wāhanga i tangohia e wahi i roto i tona whanaketanga o structuralism. : Ko ratou:

1. 20-50-doma. rau tau 20. I tenei wā, whakahaere matou kua ngana te rota o rangahau ki te whakamatau e he pūmau te āhuatanga katoa me te reira te vai ahakoa o nga aituā.
2. 50-60-doma. rau tau 20. E ako me te mau i te kura fakaetangata French ariā matua i roto i tēnei wā. Ua haamata te raupapa o ngā tūāhua hua matauranga whāinga o ngā tauira kohatu o whanaunga i roto i te ao rerekē o te mooni pāpori, me te ahurea. Kua I tenei wā kua whakatakoto te mahi matua o te ako. ngā te reira i roto i te ako o te ahurea hei hanganga semiotic katoa-taka, mahi mo te kōrero te iwi. arotahi te ako i runga i te meka e, abstracting nga pau o ngā puka iwi, me te hītori, ki te tautuhi i noa, tautuhi i te ngako o te ahurea o iwi katoa i nga wa katoa.
3. Ko te taahiraa toru ko ki te hinga i te raruraru taumauri me huarahi fehangahangai e te kairangahau i roto i te wāhanga o mua. otinga ōrite o ngā mahi arata'i ki te whakarerenga tata oti o ngā pūnaha tangata ta'efakaetangata i te hōkai o te ako.

– Ж. Лакан, Р. Барт, М. Фуко, Ж. Делез, Ж. Бодийяр и пр. Ko te māngai matua o te structuralism - Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Deleuze, G. Bodiyyar me ētahi atu.

Take me wero

"Mate te tangata, e noho i te hanganga" - te whakaaro i hoatu ara ki tautohetohe maha. I roto i 1968 i roto i te France, he poipoi o te pōuri. Ngā ākonga, karangatia pūkenga taitamariki te pepeha: "! I te huarahi e kore e haere mai i roto i te hanganga, engari te iwi tūturu" Ko te whakahoki ki taua hoatu Mishel te pokapu. I roto i te kaha ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga e kore e tutuki i te ariā puāwaitanga, miramira ia te mahi a te ako "tangata minamina nga". гибкий метод, способный адаптироваться к условиям. Mai whakakitea Foucault e structuralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro - he tikanga ngāwari e taea urutau ki te tikanga. Heoi, kua oti te hoatu mua e rave rahi mau fifi hou. Tuhinga ratou o:

1. Māramatanga o te katoa hanganga i roto i te hanganga.
2. Heheu te ngā whakahēnga e whakatika ina ngana ana ki te tūhura tangata anake i roto i ngā pūnaha reo.

I tua atu, i whakatakoto nga mahi:

1. Hinga reductionism reo, me te neistorizm structuralism puāwaitanga.
2. Hei hanga i tētahi tauira hou o te tikanga.
3. Te whakamārama i te mahi o tuwhera pānui tuhinga ahurea, te upooti'araa i te tauira tikanga tātari me te hermeneutical.

Claude Riwai-Strauss

Ko ia he tohunga tikanga tangata French, akoranga ahurea, kaiputaiao pāpori. whakaaro tenei tangata e te kaiwhakarewa o structuralism. whakaae te pūtaiao faitatau nui o ngā uara tangata i roto i te u'i rerekē. I roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, fakamamafa'i ia e kia kia takoto tuakiri i te aroaro o te ahurea ngā, he tikanga motuhake o te whakatinanatanga. ka mea a Riwai-Strauss e taea kore ao titau ki te tūranga ārahi, te meka e faaite te reira i te whānuitanga mōrahi, whakatinana te ao ao.

Tākiekina i runga i te whanaketanga o te whakaaro

I roto i ngā haerenga taketake Riwai-Strauss kohikohi rauemi nui, me te tamata no te faataa faahou i te reira. Scientist i runga i te ariā o te functionalism o Radcliffe-Brown me Malinowski. hāngai ana o ratou whakaaro kei te i runga i te meka e kore e tupu i te ahurea i te aituā. Katoa e te mea ki te kia pera, ka taea a me te mohio ki rite te faaiteraa o ona tauira whāriki me mahi. ka tenei whakaaro i te turanga ki runga ki i timata structuralism ki te whakaraina ake.

и многих других дисциплинах также начались изменения. I roto i te hinengaro me te maha atu marau rite te huringa tīmata. Ko tētahi o nga whakaaro ārahi ko de Saussure. Hui i te awe a ia e Riwai-Strauss. whakarite i enei tikanga katoa te putanga o te tirohanga hou i runga i te take o te pera-ka karanga "tahito" ahurea. hoatu Riwai-Strauss he mahi hira. rapua ia ki te whakamatau i taua tikanga rite te mo'oni tuakiri, i whakamoemiti, engari ka taea a kia ako kore existentialists tikanga tautika, pūtaiao.

mau fafauraa teka

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki ngā ahurea, e kore e taea e huaina te Riwai-Strauss he evolutionist. I roto i ana mahi whakahē e ngohengohe ki te whānuitanga o ngā hapa. Ko tētahi o ratou whakaaro ia te "evolutionism teka." Pera-ka karanga I roto i tenei tikanga, kua whakaaro ngā āhua tīariari o te hapori i te wa ano e rite ana ngā wāhanga rerekē o te hātepe whanaketanga, e tohe mo te whāinga noa. I roto i te 20 taketake rite te tauira angamaheni o te taua pūtaiao kupu whakaari kua kite i hāngai whakarite iwi tohia. a kore e taea te i titiro puka tawhito o te ao Pākehā, ahakoa "ngaahi sosaieti tahito" haere i te ara roa i roto i tenei hononga rānei rite tahito ranei rite "pēpi" āhua o te tangata. E kore te mea te tumuaki rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou, me te tū u'i matatau e whai ratou kahore whanaketanga, me e arotahi ratou kunenga te i runga i te tiaki o nga tikanga taketake o te haamauraa i te hononga ki te āhua.

ngā kitenga

Ka rite ki tohu i roto i Riwai-Strauss te rautaki o taunekeneke ripeka-ahurea, e whai ake nei i nga kupu whakaari teka o ngā hua i roto i te whakatō, tutu maha, "Western-kāhua" te ora. Ka rite ki te hua, ngā i roto i e ngaro "tahito" iwi tenetere-tawhito iho. e kore e taea e te ahunga whakamua e rite ki tetahi-ara te whakaora. haere ia i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē, e kore e hāngai nei anake ki hangarau. Ko tētahi tauira ko te Te Tai Rāwhiti. I roto i te mara o te ako o te tinana tangata, ko mua o te Te Hau-ā-uru ia mo te maha tauatini.

Ki te whakaaro tatou tikanga rite te pūnaha semiotic ngū, i hanga i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarite i te whai huatanga o te kōrero te tangata, te mea i te ao o nāianei katoa rite te maha nui o ngā tuhinga. Ka taea e ratou kia te momo o rerengamahi, ture, whanaungatanga, puka, tikanga, me te pera i runga i. способ проникнуть в область объективных закономерностей, расположенных на уровне, не осознаваемом человеком, создающим культуру и существующим в ней и за счет нее. Structuralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro - he ara ki te tiki ki te ture whāinga, kei i te taumata e kore ite i te tangata nei i hanga te ahurea, me te ngā i roto i taua mea, me i te utu o taua mea.

Ko te ariā o te mauri

noho te reira i te wahi motuhake i roto i te whakaako. whakaaro kohatu rite te pūnaha tohu tikanga huna Riwai Strauss. whakamārama e ia tenei e whai ake. I runga i te taumata mohio, whakamahi te takitahi tohu. hanga e ia he kīanga me ngā tuhinga. Heoi, e kotahi reira rite ki ngā ture motuhake. E whakawhanakehia ratou noa me ngātahi; tokomaha o ratou e kore e ara mōhio. Enei ture - nga āhuatanga o te pūnaha reo.

Waihoki, i whai ahua ai te wāhanga wāhanga katoa o te ora i te pae varua o te hapori. , таким образом, базируется на концепции коллективного бессознательного. Structuralism i roto i te pāpori, te kupu, e hāngai ana i runga i te ariā o te mauri ngā. Jung rite turanga tuatahi karanga archetypes. развития общества рассматривает знаковые системы. Structuralism i roto i te hinengaro pāpori o te whanaketanga whakaaro nga pūnaha tohu. ngā wāhi ahurea katoa - ngā pūrākau, te karakia, te reo, tuhituhinga, tikanga, toi, ngā tikanga, me te kia i runga i - Ka taea te whakaaro rite taua tauira.

"Wild" whakaaro

Tātari i te reira, e whakahokia Riwai-Strauss te pātai, i whakaarahia e Levy-Bruhl. Exploring te whakarōpūtanga totemic, te whakarārangi tino kaunuku taiao whakaaro Maori, whakaatu kaipūtaiao e ko reira kore iti arorau atu i roto i te feruriraa o te Pākehā hou.

He mahi matua i roto i te ako, ko te ki te kitea te huarahi o te hanganga o te tikanga. fokotu'u Riwai-Strauss e te hanga ai i roto i āpitihana i rua: ko te kararehe-huawhenua, kohuatia, raw, wahine, te tangata, te natura, te ahurea, me te pera i runga i. Ka rite ki te hua, whakauru tahi, raupapa, okotahi, a pera atu. Puka tūturu te tikanga poi. Tenei taumata o "ture i raro i nei te tono i te ture." Ko te tangata e ratou te tikanga e kore e mōhio o, ahakoa te meka i hoatu e ratou ki mahi. e kore e ratou i runga i te mata, engari te hanga i te pūtake o hinengaro ahurea "papamuri."

pato'iraa-rua

I whakaurua tuatahi ratou Jakobson Roma. i tenei pūtaiao he mana nui i runga i te whanaketanga o te momo mo ona whakaaro auaha me te mahi whakahaere kaha.

nona e ia nga mahi taketake i runga i te ariā o te reo noa, Morphology, wetewete, akoranga Slavic, semiotics, wetereo, tuhinga Russian me ētahi atu wāhi. вывел 12 бинарных признаков, формирующих фонологические оппозиции. Ko tētahi wāhanga o ratou rangahau kawea Jakobson Roma 12 huanga ā-rua e hanga fakafepaki oro. E ai ki pūtaiao, te mahi ratou rite universals reo i runga i nei ki te niu i tetahi reo. . Ko te kupu i whanau structuralism i wetereo. Kei te kaha whakamahia tikanga pūtaiao i roto i te tātari o ngā pūrākau.

Sverhratsionalizm

rapu Riwai-Strauss ki te kitea he whenua noa mō ngā ahurea katoa o te wā katoa. I roto i te ako, whakatakoto ia i te whakaaro o te sverhratsionalizme. Whakatinanatanga o tona pūtaiao kite te au maite o kouma, me te titorehanga tīmata, i ngaro civilisation Pākehā hou. Ko taea kitea e koe i te reira i te taumata o te whakaaro pūrākau tahito.

Hei whakamārama i tēnei āhua, patia pūtaiao te wā "Bricolage". E whakaahua ana tēnei wā he āhuatanga i roto i nei te whakapakoko rongo e whakamahia i roto i te waehere o te tikanga arorau-ariā i roto i te anga o te whakaaro i tahito ra, e kore rawa urutau hoki tenei whakaaro. tupu te reira i te ara ano e rite ana ki te handyman waihanga ratou mahi toi mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi i te ringa, i tahuri te reira i te aituā. Whakawaehere ariā waitara mai ki huinga rerekē o 'ulungaanga tairongo, te hanga pūnaha whakawhiti o waehere.

whakahuatia whakaaro e rite i roto i ana mahi, Yuri Lotman. Ko ia tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te ako tikanga semiotic o te ahurea me te tuhinga i roto i te wā Soviet. Yuri Lotman - te kaiwhakarewa o te kura Tartu-Moscow. titiro pūtaiao te toi me te ahurea rite te "pūnaha tuarua". Ko te tauira tuatahi, ko te reo. kite toi me te ahurea mahi Lotman te pakanga ki te piraunga me te rokiroki o ngā mōhiohio, kōrero i waenganui i te iwi. I roto i tenei take, mahi toi rite te wāhanga o te ahurea ki te pūtaiao.

iwi

Riwai Strauss takitahi whakaaro rite matatini roto, o waho. i hanga te whakamutunga e o te tohu, e kua whakamahia e te iwi. Ko te pūnaha ā-o te hinengaro mauri. Kei te rongoa te reira i roto i te puka tonu, pērā i te tetahi waho. Ka rite ki te hua, takahi reira ratou hononga hanganga. I tenei kaupapa, te whakaari o te ora ahurea hou - te raruraru o te tangata. Te takitahi hou i roto i te hiahia o "whakatika". Hei mahi i te reira, me haere hoki koe ki te wheako i tahito ra, ki te whakahoki mai i te "mohoao" kotahitanga me te tapatahi. I roto i tenei mahi, te tūranga tino nui no ki te mātauranga tikanga tangata.

He huinga o huarahi katoa

Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i tokomaha o nga ariā. Ka taea e Holism e ontological. I roto i tenei take, whakaaetia e nga wholes Hupirimi i runga i te wae takitahi. kia huarahi i roto i te natura huarahi Holistic. I roto i tenei take, kua faataa te ari takitahi i roto i te pā ana ki te tapatahi. I roto i te tikanga whānui, holism - tāutanga i runga i te pūkete o ngā āhuatanga katoa o te āhuatanga i raro i ako. fokotu'u mai e ia he huru tino ki tetahi pūtake unilateral. Mau, reira karangatia hoki kau muimui o structuralism.

mutunga

Nga hua, i whiwhi nei e Riwai-Strauss, kua mohio whānuitia i roto i te ao. I te wa ano, kua hangaia e ratou he rota o te kōrero, me te. Central ki te ako ko e te hua whakakitea ki pū pūtaiao, e ahurea - he he āhua tāpiri-i runga i. He he taumata-maha, "maha-papa" huru. Culture - matatini pūnaha semiotic tikanga plurality whakamahia i roto i te ture o te pāhekoheko tangata e taea te matapae me te tātai i te hanga pū pāngarau. Enei tauira Ko te turanga-waha. I runga i te pūtake o ratou kōrero whakaritea i waenganui i te iwi, ano he mekameka tonu o ngā karere e hanga ake nga tuhinga ahurea.