Tātari Critical: momo, tikanga me ngā ariā

Ko te tino nui hoki te tangata i te kaha ki te tātari arohaehae. I roto i te mahi i tenei pūkenga ki te whakamahi wā whakaora wa, me te ārai i te mahi ponana e taea anake whakahōhā te āhuatanga, e tauturu te reira ki te matakawa te take me mau hopearaa. Heoi, he tātari arohaehae - te ariā rawa te horo. He whai hua e kore anake hoki fiefanongó reira engari tano hoki, pea, ki ngā wāhi katoa o te ora te tangata. Ki ona āhuatanga me te mau parau tumu o te mahi, a ka tamata tatou ki te matau.

He aha te mea te reira?

puta te ariā o "tātari arohaehae" nui i muri ake i tona mahi ake. Nga philosopho onamata, whakamahia Aristotle, Socrates ana te mau parau tumu i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, rangahau. Ka taea te huaina General stocktaking definition puāwaitanga whakatau tata nga huapai me ngā huakore o etahi kai, whakataunga me ngā ariā e hāngai ana i runga i to ratou ine pānga ki ratou ake ngā me te tahi atu ariā ngaahi tokāteline ranei, whakamatauria ratou uara, me te hua.
A, no te titau analyte tikanga he huarahi ataahua, me te tōkeke. Na reira, i konei ko nga paearu matua o te objectivity me te arotake whānui.

whāinga

He aha te hiahia mo te tātari arohaehae? Ia ako (pūtaiao, me te mahi) kua etahi mahi. I roto i tenei take, ki te tātari arohaehae tikanga ki te whakamātau i enei mahi i runga i te kounga o te otinga, me te whakamahi i ngā taunakitanga ki te whakaū i ranei whakakahore i te tika o te whakapae ratou ake ranei te tangata o atu.

Mai i wāhi whaiaro o te tirohanga, tauturu tātari arohaehae ki te whakawhanake i whakaaro arohaehae, whakatairanga te hanganga o ratou ake whakaaro korerorero, whakapiki i mahi hinengaro, faaaano te hinengaro. Kei te maha whakatakotoria tonu ona turanga i roto i te wā kura, me e te whakawhanakehia i roto i te whare wānanga.

tikanga

Ko tā te tikanga tātari Critical te ara ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga. Ka taea e te reira deductive me inductive. I roto i te take tuatahi, te tātaritanga o te āhuatanga whanake i te whānui ki te tauwhāiti. Ko, tuatahi hypothesizes te kairangahau axiom ranei. Na, whakahaua te aho whakaaetia katoa o te whakaaro te ki te tūhuratanga, tauwehe ranei. Ko te hononga tūmataiti tenei. pea te tauira māmā o te tikanga pērā i whai:

• He matemate te tangata.
• Mozart - te tangata.
• Conclusion: Ko te mate o Mozart.

I roto i te rerekē ki te whakapumautia tangohanga e tikanga inductive. Here, Kei te whakawhanakehia he tātari arohaehae, i runga i te anga ke, i te ngā ki te whānui. hanga te ara mutunga e kore e arorau, engari i roto i ngā hinengaro, pāngarau meka ranei motuhake. Te wehe arataki oti, me te tarepa.

whakahaua te whakatinanatanga tuatahi te ki te tātari whakaae tohu mo te maha mōkito o ngā e ruha tūponotanga katoa. aroturuki tētahi atu whakatinanatanga nga take takitahi, te mau hopearaa a te whakaiti ratou ki te kāpeka noa (whakapae take) tono taunakitanga. Meinga me te pānga - ko nga āhuatanga matua e pou here ana i te tātari tino enei. Ka taea te kitea tētahi tauira o te tikanga inductive i roto i te raupapa o ngā kōrero tekitiwhi K. Doyle o "Sherlock Holmes." Ahakoa hetia karanga te kaituhi te tikanga tekitiwhi taua ruritanga:

• I roto i te tangata, N ko te paihana.
• fumbles te tangata N i te whakaaturanga.
• I roto i te tangata, N kahore wāhi kē mo te wa o te kino.
• Na reira, he tangata N ko te kaipatu.

whakaaro kaiwhakatū kiko Ch S. Pirs he momo tuatoru o te whakaaroaro rite te stocktaking tikanga -. kāhakitanga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ko reira he whakapae whakatau hinengaro whakamahia ki te whakatuwhera i te ture ariā. Tuatahi, He waitara, e kore whakapumautia e wheako nga ariā katoa. ki te faaoti i te ara haere i roto i te pūnaha o whakapae (whakapae), taki te whakatau arorau:

• Kōhanga: he matemate People.
• Conclusion: te mate o Mozart.
• Nā tēnei, Mozart - iwi (te hononga ngaro).

Hanganga me Types

Hanganga stocktaking te he mārama raupapa o ngā mahi e te nuinga o meinga e hononga arorau:

• Tuatahi, me kia waia ki te pikitia o te tītohunga, te āhuatanga whakaaro te kairangahau. Mai i tenei rauemi, ko te mea e tika ana ki te tuku i te whakaaro taketake.
• Ka taea te whakatau i te āhuatanga i runga i te torutoru ngā matua, me te utu tezisno rauemi rite huānga motuhake.
• Hoki ia tūemi, e hiahia ana koe ki te hanga i tou ake kite, whakaaro, me ētahi atu
• Ko te mahi i muri mai, ko te ki te whakaū i tona ake tikanga whakarāpopoto runga ake otinga.

Ko te wāhi nui! Hei whakamatau he taea me ara tika ratou whakapae ki te whakamahi i ngā puna waho: tauira, talanoa, taputapu ariā, korukī, tuhinga. Katoa o tenei fakapapau'i anake te objectivity me hohonuraa o te ako.

He wāhi nui i roto i te hanga o te whakatau tākaro ratou rauemi, āhuatanga tītohunga ranei, e hanga he tātari arohaehae. kia pāngia ai Puka pūtaiao, pāpori, tōrangapū, me mahi ao, me te ao o te toi.

Analysis a'oraa

I te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga, he orometua wetewete reo Norman Feyrklaf whakaturia tātari a'oraa arohaehae. I tonoa e ia ki ako i te huringa i roto i te tautohetohe o te kōhanga hinengaro o te kuputuhi i roto i te wa, me ngā rerekētanga o te tikanga. I roto i te pā ana ki te mātauranga, Feyrklaf te huarahi matua mō te taua panoni i huaina intertextuality. He tikanga i reira e pā ana kuputuhi kotahi te ki te tahi atu huānga (a'oraa).

Kei te nuinga tātari a'oraa Critical i hanga i raro i te mana o te tohunga wetereo Bakhtin, sociologists Michel Foucault me Bourdieu. Ko tētahi atu ingoa kua textually hāngai reira tātaritanga a'oraa (ranei Tod). hipokina Ko tōna tikanga i te āhuatanga reo o te kuputuhi, momo kupu (piira, kōrero, kōrero) me ngā tikanga sociolinguistic (kohikohi rauemi tukatuka, pātai, whakamātautau, me ētahi atu).

He āhuatanga motuhake o tenei ahua o te tātari arohaehae ko e kore e faahua i te reira ki te kia whāinga, arā ehara i te mea he kūpapa pāpori. Ko te kaupapa here, hei tauira, whāinga tino tātari korero ki te whakakitea te hanganga wä mana, mana tōrangapū, faatîtîraa e rapu kaupapa here whakahāwea, faaite i roto i te reo. Na konei kua puta ai ki te taputapu tātari, te wawao i te mahi pāpori, me te tōrangapū.

T. kaiwetereo Tatimana Van Deyk maha mahi whakatapua ki te tātari arohaehae o te a'oraa i roto i te pāpāho. E ai ki te pūtaiao, whakatakotoria te timatanga o reira i roto i te kōrero tahito. I teie mahana ana puna e rima kāwai matua:

• Semiotics, rangahau, structuralism.
• kōrero waha, me te tātari.
• Speech mahi me pragmatics.
• Mātauranga.
• Maimoatanga o wāhanga hinengaro o te kuputuhi.

I te "pou" rima me he hāngai tātari arohaehae a'oraa (whakaahuatanga o rongo, akoranga pāpori , me ētahi atu).

tuhi

Textually-hāngai a taea te huaina te tātari tuhituhinga-tino. Ko te rerekētanga ki te a'oraa ko anake i roto i te whakaritenga o nga huānga matua. Origin (whakaahuatia i runga) hanga ko te aronga i runga i te āhuatanga ōkawa o te kuputuhi, me te tuarua - i runga i te ihirangi.

Literary tātari arohaehae e wahi i runga i te hātepe puāwaitanga. He ngā matua mō te whakamārama i roto i reira: ko te kōrero, te wahi me te wa o te mahi, pūāhua, kaupapa, whakaaro, me te wāhi whaiaro o te tirohanga. Ka taea te tāutuhia e toru ngā taumata o te ako i tenei tūranga:

• wāwāhi Kaupapa (taha ihirangi).
• Hinengaro (te momo o te faahoho'araa, kōrero, tūmomo).
• Reo (taputapu reo, e hanga te āhuatanga hinengaro).

A, no te e whai tātari arohaehae i te nahanaha. Ko te taumata tuatahi me te tuatoru he kāwai mārama (rauemi tino). Ko te taumata hinengaro, te mea i whakaritea e te rua o mua. O te akoranga, kia ia o nga rarangi i te ako motuhake. Heoi, ka titiro tatou therebetween kaha huinga faatanoraa, ia taumata o ngā huānga e kitea i roto i te pātata.

Ko te hiahia hoki tenei momo o te tātari arohaehae, i roto i te tua ki te hanganga whaiaro me te whanaketanga o ngā pūkenga whakaaro arohaehae ko te hiahia pāpori ki te wehewehe i waenganui i te mahi rerehua faufaa i roto i te awa o kāre.

Ko te wāhi nui! tātari Literary-nui - e kore ko te pūkete o te kuputuhi tuhituhi, me te tātaritanga o ona wāhanga nui, me te ine taea ki mo'oni tenei.

e kore te mea he whakatauranga o "pai" ranei tenei "e kore e rite i te reira." Hoki ngā momo katoa o te tātari ara tino me waha ako atamira whakahauanga, taunakitanga o tetahi whakapae me whakapae e pā ana ki te rauemi ako.

mōhiohio

whakamahia tēnei momo o te tātari arohaehae te ki te aromatawai i te rongo, hua me ngā ratonga (hokohoko). Ka taea te hāngai te reira i te whakatau i te kounga me te whai huatanga o te moni, me utu o te hinonga e pā ana ki te huringa o ngā kōwhiringa pānuitanga.

He aha e hiahia ana tatou he aromatawai taua? He tātari arohaehae o te kōrero i roto i te take o te hokohoko, ko te ki te faaо ia te mākete ki taonga kounga nui, roha, faahohonuraa o te awhe. Ki te tohutoro ki te rongo (hapori, tōrangapū, me ētahi atu), E tauturu te reira ki te tirohia i te kounga o te mōhiohio mo nga meka, te wā me te wahi me te ki tona tikanga i roto i tona mata ake o tirohanga i runga i nga takahanga. E tika ana kia puna pono e ka hei tohenga whakapae. Ko te whakaaro o tenei momo o te tātaritanga e taea e me ngā whanaketanga matapae. I roto i tenei take, i hanga te whakapae kei roto hinengaro, pāpori, me ahurea āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga.

tātaritanga o te ako

Ko tūturu i roto i te mara pūtaiao o te mahi a te tangata tātari Critical o rangahau. Hoki te hanganga o takitahi whakaaro i korerorero ai i runga i te take ngā titau te waihanga tika o nga raruraru, me ratou otinga. Ko tenei te mea whai wāhi kei roto i tenei momo o te tātari. fokotuu rangahau te whānuitanga o ngā mahi, me te i roto i ngā huarahi maha taiawhiotia te a'oraa tino.

Na, i te wā faaineineraa, te kohinga o rauemi, ako o puna mana, hanganga ariā (hanga), te whanaketanga o te whakaaro me te tātari o ngā āhuatanga nui ngā mōhiohio. Me mahara te reira e te whāinga o tenei mahi i roto i te tātari arohaehae ko ki te whiwhi mōhiotanga hou, e kore te whānui o te mau parau mau tīariari.

tātari Critical o rangahau e te hanganga e whai ake (ranei mahere):

• ngā;
• mau tamataraa me ngā take matua;
• meka me ngā mōhiohio;
• tikanga me whakatau;
• ariā, ariā, whakaaro;
• whakapae;
• tūhuratanga;
• whakaaro ake, wāhi o te tirohanga.

Hoki te tuhinga pūtaiao kia rerekē ture tātari. Kei te maha He i raro ki te aro mātai o te pūtake ake, te tūturutanga o te tautohe o te kaituhi, te tāutu i maioro, ngā whakahēnga me maumaui o arorau.

te mau parau tumu

Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o tātari arohaehae ko nuinga o ti'aturi i runga i tona momo. I te ata o te hītori o tenei momo o ngā ako me ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana parau tumu pūmanawa ( "māramatanga roto" ranei). Ko te huarahi waitara, e ngā i roto i te kitea o ariā, ture tëtehi hou, te tika o te tītohu hou, raruraru me ngā ariā o te vairaa mau tenei. he huakore hoki tenei pea, whakapae kua kore e te mate o te parau tumu taua o te tātari.

I roto i te tātari a'oraa arohaehae te maha whakamahia parau tumu pāpori-hāngai. Ko tōna whāinga, kia rite ki te tikanga, hei ari me panoni tango wahi i roto i te hapori. Ko ētahi o ēnei manene, whakahāwea ā, he kohuru motu, extremism. Ko te ahanoa o te ako ko te, o te akoranga, tuhinga kaupapa, me o ratou mana i runga i te whakaaro pāpori. Ano hoki, i tenei huarahi ki te ako āwhina ki te kitea me te tuhituhi i te pikitia pono, me te kawe i te reira hoki ki te hapori, ki te karo whakama kaipānui i roto i te a'oraa kore-manapori.

Hoki te taua ahua o te tātari pā parau tumu hinengaro-hāngai tino. I hipokina whānuitia ia TA hāngai van DYCK me te i runga i nga āhuatanga hinengaro o te hanga me te tuku i te rauemi (tuhinga, a'oraa). Kei te whānui whakamahia tenei parau tumu i roto i te tātari o te rongo (pāpāho). I tua atu, kia aro o te kaitātari kia arotahi ki runga i te kōrero (ōrite, tūhonohono) aromatawai o te ngā, haina pūnaha o kōrero waha (kupu whakarite, pūāhua ngā).

Kei te tino maha whakamahia parau tumu historicist i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao, me te tuhituhi. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te ako o te tītohunga ngā he ahanoa i roto i te wāhi me te wā ranei. Heoi, ko reira kiripuaki tino waitara. I roto i te mahi, ko te iti hohonu me te ake ao tenei. Hei tauira, te pūtake o te momo fariiraa (wā tuhituhi) ranei - ko te whāinga o te ako. Na e kohia nga rauemi e pā ana ki te kaupapa (wae-hinengaro). I roto i te toru o taahiraa e taea timata ui ki a tātari mōhiohio. Ko te wāhi matua i konei ko te fakahokohoko o te kunenga mai o te āhuatanga i roto i te tetahi wā wā. Anake i muri i taua taea te aromatawai timata ki whakatau, whakapae me matapae.

Ko te parau tumu o te ariā matua ko tetahi o te tuatahi i roto i te tātari arohaehae. Nuinga maha puta te reira i roto i te faaino toi (nga mahi o Aristotle, Lessing, VG Belinsky). Conventionally, he reira taea ki te tautuhi i te tauine o inenga me mau faaauraa. Te hanga i tētahi pūnaha o ngā ariā āwhina ki mo'oni whakawhānui i te kuputuhi i runga i ngā wāhanga hanganga, te whakapapa ratou taunekeneke me te whanaungatanga, me te ki te tautuhi i te uara o te wae tetahi ki tetahi. Ka rite ki te tikanga whānui, ko te tika, engari tuarua tenei parau tumu, rite tetahi ako e hāngai ana i runga i te taputapu ariā ahakoa o te whakaaro o tona tono.

I roto i tetahi tātari arohaehae kia tapaea parau tumu rerekē te whakatutuki i te raruraru. I te tahi taime te ariā o e rua, neke atu rānei. I roto i tenei take, he tino me te tahi atu tetahi - te āpiti. Na, Kei te maha ngā istorpizma parau tumu ki te parau tumu o te ariā matua, me te tautoko e te pūmanawa hinengaro-hāngai, me ētahi atu

ariā

Ko te ariā o te tātari arohaehae - te ako me te aro mātai o te whakaaro matua o te kaituhi o te pūnaha rauemi o whakaaro i runga i te take. Norman Feyrklaf i roto i te pukapuka "Reo me te mana" e pā ana ki te ariā whakawhaiaro waihanga. He tauira o reira e taea e tuhinga tōrangapū e maha kōrero tika kaituhi ki te iwi i roto i te tūpou o te tangata tuarua. Ko te mahi matua e whakatika te he tātaritanga tino o te ariā, ko ki te whakatau i te pānga o taua tikanga, ratou whai huatanga i roto i te huri whakaaro pāpori.

Ahakoa o te momo o te ariā rauemi a te kaituhi e kite tonu rite te ara o te kōrero ki te kaipānui, pūtirotiro kaihoko ranei.