Tau 1770: Battle o Chesma. Meinga te whawhai

E matau ana koe, ka i reira ko tetahi pakanga manuao o Chesma? 1770 ka whakanuia nei i roto i Russia. ka mau te Battle wahi i roto i te Bay o Cesme i 1770, i runga i Hōngongoi 24-26 (5-7 Hōngongoi), te rohe i waenganui i nga motu o Kio me te pito ki te hauauru o Anatolia. Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i roto i te rohe i maha mua whawhai manuao i waenganui Venetian Republic me Ottoman Empire i waenganui i nga Munuwao Turkish me Russian. ko Battle wahi o te maunu Tuarua Peloponnesian i 1769 me te matamua o te mai o te Pakanga Kariki o te mana arii (1821-1829 tau).

Teie mahana Day o kororia hōia o Russia whakanui i runga i Hōngongoi 7 - ko reira te ra o te wikitoria o te kaipuke Russian i runga i te Turkey i te pakanga o Chesma.

prehistory

E rave rahi ahua maheni Chesme 1770. ka mau te whawhai wahi i roto i taua tau. Kia i roto i te pakanga Russian 1768-m whawhati i ki Turkey, tonoa Russia he torutoru rērere ki te moana nui i te Baltic. hiahia ia ki te huri kē te aro o te Otomení i te tuatahi tinomoutere Haerenga (Black Moana Fleet), i ngā ka o ono anake tama'ii.

E rua matua hoia Russian whakahau e Admiral Gregory Spiridov me English Kaitohutohu Rear Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, a i arahina e Kaute Orlov Aleksey. Ka rite ki te hua, kua kitea kaipuke mātanga te kaipuke Ottoman punga i te kokoru o Cesme (Turkey Tai Te Hau-ā-uru).

I raro i te pēhanga i Wīwī, me te te mana o te Polish raruraru i roto i 1768 te Ottoman Empire whakaaturia te whawhai i runga i Russia. I tenei wāhi, i runga i te aronga rautaki tonga noho te taua āhuatanga, i ko i te rau tau XVII. I roto i te Russian Empire kihai i whai i te kaipuke i roto i te Black ko Azov Moana, i kingi manuao ope Tauranga. I roto i te meka, te Black Moana i te "Turkish roto." Moana o Azov, Moana Black ko Te Tai Tokerau Crimea whakahaeretia te Ottoman Empire - enei whenua i te ake mo te militarism ki Russia.

whakaekenga

Tau 1770 ... Chesma whawhai ... aha i tupu i te reira? I roto i 1768-th i roto i te ngahuru, whakaekea kaieke Crimean Russia, ka anga te whawhai. I patua te hoariri ka rere, engari noho te riri. kua meinga Northern Moana Black he whare tapere taketake o te whawhai, i reira te ope Russian mō neke atu i te rima tau o whawhai ana ki nga ope hapai patu o te Ottoman Porte me te Crimean Khanate.

mahi

Kia mahara ki te tau 1770. Chesma whawhai tikanga reira. I runga i te Black Moana tāruru kahore he take ki te utua. Ko te aha i roto i St Petersburg faaoti ki tonoa ki te matua hoia Mediterranean o te Moana Baltic me i reira ki te whakawehi Turkey. Ko te whakaaro taketake o te ope i ki te tautoko i te whakatikanga ake taea o nga tangata Karaitiana o te Balkan Peninsula (rawa nga motu o te Aegean me te Kariki Peloponnese) me te riri o nga Turkey i te muri.

He aha ngā mahi i ki te mahi i te matua hoia Russian? I ia ki te wahi i rārangi moana o te hoariri o te kōrero i roto i te moana nui, ki te tango i etahi o tona kaha (matua kaipuke) i te rohe Moana Black o mua. I te angitu o te matua hoia ki te hopu i te ngā takutai tino nui i roto i Turkey me ki te ārai i nga Dardanelles. Kei te scene matua i roto i te Moana Aegean, ranei, rite whakatakoto ana te reira i roto i roto i te "te tinomoutere o Kariki." No reira te ingoa "ope Kariki."

whakaaro

Roa haere te tau 1770. tonu mahara te whawhai o te iwi Chesma. Ko wai mea whakaaro ki tuku Russian kaipuke ki te Aegean rohe, e whakaarahia taku me te tautoko i te whakatikanga ake o te Karaitiana taupori toenga reira ki te Otomení? Hoki te wā tuatahi i tuhia i tenei whakaaro i te reira tino o te Empress Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Pea, ka korerotia tuatahi tenei whakaaro i te rangatira o te ope taua te Tatau Orlov Aleksey, teina o Gregory, e whakaaetia anake reira me donos ki Catherine heke mai.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e tuhituhi Orlov Aleksey ki tona teina e pā ana ki te raruraru o tenei pakanga me te whawhai i roto i te whānui: "Me ki te haere ki Constantinople me te tuku o Karaitiana karakia me Siu katoa i te ioka i te mea taimaha. A ka mea ahau ki tenei, te Emepara Pita ahau i roto i te tuhinga mea, a ratou, Mohammedan infidels, ki te pei atu i te steppes onepu i to ratou whare o mua. puta Here ano karakia, me te Whakamoemiti ki to tatou Atua, te Kaha Rawa. " I te wa o te tāpaetanga o te hukihuki ki te Kaunihera o te pakanga i te Empress Orlov Grigory whakatakoto tona tono e whai ake: ". Tukua i te puka o te ipu i te moana nui, a i reira o nga kaipuke i te tokorua kia auru huna hoariri"

Ētahi tohunga te mea i he e tika ana ki te hiahia o Russia ki te whai i te putanga motuhake i te Moana Black ki te whanuitanga o moana o te ao te whawhai o Chesma i 1770. A ka kore ahau i hiahia he kupu whakahoki.

kahupapa

Na inaianei he iti ofi ange titiro i te tau 1770, te pakanga o Chesma (Russian-Turkish whawhai). ngā kaipuke Russian o iwa kaipuke o te aho, e toru frigates (kotahi 36-pū, me te rua o 32-pū), 17-19, kaipuke ngaahi houalotú me bombardirskogo kaipuke "Thunder" (10 repo).

Te iteraa i Pipiri 23 te kaipuke hoariri, i tu hoki te motu o Kio i punga, to tatou Armada i ata i runga i Pipiri 24 (Hōngongoi 5) i roto i 1770 tomo te hongere o Kio, ka karanga tu ke te motu i te Riviera, Anatolia, i te raki ki te hau ngohengohe hāngai. Te taha o tenei rohe, i te Gulf ki te raki Chesmensky, tu i roto i te rua ngā rārangi punga Armada Ottoman.

I roto i te reira i reira i 16 waka (o e ono i 90- ranei 80-pū, i ētahi atu, rite Russian, rite rawa ki te taputapu 66), 60 oko iti, me te 6 manuao. kaipuke Turkish whakahau e Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. Ko ia i te wa i roto i te puni i runga i te uta, me tona tuarua Hassan-Bey (te toa Algerian), e tohe e mai hiahia nga kaipuke hoariri ki te whai wāhi me te tango ki a ratou atu ki te rangi. Otiia, e kore i taea e ana Corvettes whai tenei tikanga, kia rite ki nga punga. Ko te mutunga mai, Russian ki to ratou rewa te tangohia e te kaupapa i roto i te tatauranga ano.

tātai Orlova

I roto i te tau 1770 nui te awe te whawhai o Chesma (Russian-Turkish whawhai) te akoranga o te hītori muri. Kei te mohiotia te reira e patua te kaha faahiahia o te hoariri i te tuatahi Count Orlov. Ko, mau te ti'aturi i runga i te itoito o ana hoia, a ki te Atua, ka runanga ia ki nga rangatira, me te feia faatere, a faaoti ki te patu i te kaipuke Turkish. whakahau Orlov he Springe (taura, hono e punga e pupuri te kaipuke i roto i te tūnga) i roto i te take whai koe ki te punga ki te hoariri. Tatau hanga o te whawhai te aho, ka haere i runga i nga Turkey i roto i tenei tikanga:

• Hiku: kaipuke "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, kāpene Roxburgh), "e kore e pa ki ahau" (kāpene Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Kāpene Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, Kapene Cruz), "Europe" (te rangatira Klokachev), "E toru Feia Mo'a" (kāpene Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "toru Hierarchs" (Count Alexei Orlov, te kaiwhakahauhau Greig), "Januarius" (kāpene Borisov), "Rostislav" (Kāpene Lupandin).

Battle i roto i te Kio Strait

Chesma whawhai (1770, Hōngongoi 7) tahuri hītori hoki. Hei timata, whakaaro te whawhai i roto i te Kio Strait, i tangohia e wahi i runga i Pipiri 24 (Hōngongoi 5). Kua whakaae kaipuke Russian i tētahi mahere mahi, me te haere ki te rohe tonga o te raina Turkish. I muri i taua, tahuri ia, ka anga ka ki kia whakanohoia ki te kaipuke hoariri. timata Turkey kaipuke pupuhi tawhiti ki taura e toru (560 m) i 11: 30-11: 45. kihai i kaipuke Russian ahi hoki rite te roa rite tata ki te hoariri i te tawhiti o te 80 whawhai (170 m) mo te whawhai tata i 12:00.

I roto i te i tutuki e toru Russian kaipuke nekeneke: "St. Januarius "panaia tahuri, i mua ka e ia te lineup," Europe "ngaro tona wahi, i whara rite te putanga, ka tahuri, ka mahue te pūnaha, he muri te" Rostislav "me" toru Hierarchs "i te hoki o te parae porotaka te rua o nga kaipuke o te hoariri i mua i taea e ia tu i roto i te raina, me te hua e reira hape patua te Corvette "toru nahanaha".

Kua auraa tūkino ki te "Europe" e te "St. Eustace "Ko te Armada Russian kaipuke mata. I runga i tenei kaipuke i tonoa ki te ahi o toru kaipuke Turkish rārangi (tae atu i te tino nui o te kaipuke Ottoman, "Burj u Zafer", whakahau e Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "tīmata eke te tino nui o te Armada Ottoman, i mua i te kitenga i te reira i runga i te ahi. I muri tahu mainmast "Burj u Zafer" hinga atu e ahau te rahoraho o te Corvette "St. Eustace, "piti ia. I muri i te 10-15 meneti, ka whakatangihia ake "Burj Zafer y". kī Elphinstone e Russian mau horihori me Spiridov ki Kaute Orloff Fedor (te teina o te rangatira) mahue "St. Eustace, "ara i mua i te pakarutanga o. Waihoki mawhiti ahau te mate, a Skipper "St. Eustache "Cruz. anō Spiridov ārahitanga o te whawhai ki te Corvette "toru Hierarchs".

14:00 Turkey ki tapahia nga punga taura, ka rere i raro i te taupoki o pākahiko uta i roto i Chesma Harbour.

Whawhai i roto i te kokoru

mate maha hoia i roto i te 1770 Chesma whawhai ko tetahi o te tutu tino. Pipiri 25-26 (Hōngongoi 6-7), i reira ko he whawhai i Chesma Bay. E i roto i reira i hanga Turkish ahi-kaipuke e rua raupapa o 7- me 8-rārangi corvettes me ētahi atu kaipuke e kei waenganui i nga rarangi, me te rohe.

ra katoa Pipiri 25 (Hōngongoi 6) pupuhi kaipuke Russian i runga i te kahupapa Turkish me ngā tūranga takutai. hangaia e wha oko mau pŭpŭ tauturu i te ahi-kaipuke. I 17:00 punga te poma-kaipuke "Thunder" i roto i mua o te Chesma Bay, a tīmata te pupuhi i te kaipuke Turkish. I 00:30 I honoa e ia e te kaipuke rārangi "Europe" me e 1:00 - "Rostislav", i puta mai i roto i te ara o kaipuke ahi.

"Rostislav", "Europe" ka amuamu, "Kaua e pa ki ahau," i hanga he aho i te raki ki te tonga, ka tīmata te whawhai ki te Armada Turkish. I tenei wa, ko "Saratov" i runga i tūtatari, me te manuao "Africa" me "Thunder" patua te pākahiko i runga i te rohe ki te hauauru o te Gulf.

I 01:30 ranei te iti mua (rite ki Elphinstone, i waenganui po) e tika ana ki te pupuhi, "Kaua e pa ki ahau", me te "Thunder", tetahi o nga kaipuke Turkey rārangi piti horapa ahi ki te tinana ki te rā mura. Ko te mura hohoro kē ki ētahi atu kaipuke i te whanga.

Na, haere tonu tatou i te aamu o te hui i tangohia e wahi Hōngongoi 7, me titiro 1770 Chesma whawhai ia. Kia piti i 02:00 o te rua o nga kaipuke Turkish, mutu pupuhi nga oko Russian, a tomo ahi-kaipuke te Gulf. E rua o ratou te hunga i raro i te whakahau a Kāpene Dugdale ko Gagarin, koperea nga Turkey. E te ara, kerēme Elphinstone e Kāpene Dugdale ahi-patua anake, me te kaipuke a Gagarin ki te whawhai pai ki te haere. Next kotahi kaipuke, whakahau e Mackenzie, kua uiui pinepine ki te oko tahu, a kotahi (i raro i te mana o Rūtene D. Ilina) - tāpiri ki te aho Corvette 84-pū.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e Ilyin ahi-tahuna, a ka mahue ai ia ki runga ki te kaipuke ki te kapa. Piti te kaipuke, ka tahuna te nuinga o te tahi atu corvettes Ottoman. Na roto i te 2:30 piti e toru atu tama'ii.

e kore te āhua i 04:00 kaipuke Russian tonoa ki te kaipuke, e hiahia ana ki te whakaora ano tahu ki oko nui e rua. Otiia, i taea ki te tango i tetahi anake o ratou e ratou - "Roro '60-pū. Mai i 04:00 tae noa ki 05:30 puhia ake e ono atu manuao, me i 7 haora - wha synchronously. Na roto i te 8:00 i roto i te pakanga o Chesma Bay i oti.

nunu'a o whawhai

He aha te mea pai mo te aamu te whenua o roto i 1770 tau? Chesma whawhai aha mau maitai kawea Russia? I muri i tenei whawhai kaipuke Russian taea e faufaa pā i runga i te Turkey i roto i te Moana Aegean ka tutakina atu te Dardanelles. Kua takaro enei onäianei katoa he wāhi nui i roto i te hainatanga o te Tiriti te rangimarie o Küçük Kaynarca Whakaaetanga.

I te aronga o Catherine II, ki whakamoemiti te wikitoria i roto i te Great Peterhof Palace i hanga (1774-1777 tau) Chesmensky Hall fakangalongata'a, i whakatūria e rua urupa ki tenei hui: Chesme pilaster i Tsarskoye selo (1778) me te Chesmensky pou i roto i Gatchina (1775) ka whakaarahia Chesme Palace (1774-1777 tau) me Chesma hahi o St. Ioanna Predtechi (1777-1780 tau) i roto i St Petersburg.

Chesma whawhai tahuti ore i roto i te mētara maka koura me te hiriwa 1770, i hangaia e i te tikanga o Empress Catherine I. i whakaaetia Count Orlovu Alekseyu ki te tāpiri ki te proimenovanie ingoa, rite mea ratou, "Chesma".

ingoa

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te ingoa "Chesma" kakahu Armada matitai o kaipuke hōia Russian. Na roto i te tikanga o Nicholas II i ki te ingoa Cesme wahi, i te mea inaianei te kainga o te rohe Chelyabinsk.

A i roto i te Gulf o Anadyr reira Scesma mātārae - ona pera-ka karanga ope ki te avion "Rider" i roto i te 1876.

Russian te peresideni Vladimir Putin i 2012, i roto i Hōngongoi, hiri e menemana ki te ture "I te whakanui o Russia me nga ra o Military kororia." Ka rite ki te hua, i reira ko Victory o te kaipuke Russian i runga i te Turkish i te pakanga o Chesma, whakanuia nei i runga i Hōngongoi 7.

pūrongo

Kei te ako tonu kōrero te tau 1770: Chesma whawhai, te take o nei te mohiotia kua, whakakororia Russia mo te ao katoa. Kei te mohiotia te reira e korerotia Spiridov ki Peresideni o te College o te Admiralty i St Petersburg Count Chernyshov: "Kia mihi ki te Atua, me te kororia o te kahupapa katoa-Russian! Mai i 25 th ki kaipuke hoariri 26 th patua, wahia, wahia, tahuna, paremo, ka uru ki te rangi tahuri ki pungarehu, a mahue te wahi he tawai whakamataku, a ka timata ratou ki te nuinga, puta noa i to tatou tinomoutere o to tatou Kuini ".

tīrama faaite A. G. Orlov te mana'o faauruhia e te wikitoria o Cesme, i roto i te pukapuka ki tona teina: "Hello, ariki, teina! ka korerotia e ahau ki a koutou i te iti e pā ana ki to tatou haere: ka tahuna e ia te ahi ki hea, i takoha ratou ki te waiho i te Morea. Hoki vorogov ki te kaipuke kua, ka whakatata ia, ka whawhai, ka mau, huna, Ka mate, whakangaromia, ka tonoa ki te raro, ka incinerated. "