Tauira me ngā ture o te kukuwhatanga. tukanga whanaketanga

kunenga koiora titau te whanaketanga tūturu o ngā kaiao ora, e haere tahi e huringa i roto i te hanganga ira o taupori, me te he hua i roto i te āhuatanga urutau, te ahua o ngā momo hou, me te ngaro o te tawhito. Katoa o enei āhuatanga huri i runga i te wā e rua rauwiringa kaiao me te ao koiora rite te katoa.

Ko te ariā taketake

He maha ngā ariā e whakamārama ana i te tikanga i runga i i hanga te tukanga whanaketanga te. E mahia inaianei te nuinga aivanaa ki te ariā waihanga o te kukuwhatanga (ste), e hāngai ana i runga i te iranga taupori hanumi, me Darwinism. whakamārama ariā waihanga te hono i waenganui i irakētanga ira, e ko, te rauemi o te kukuwhatanga, me te kōwhiringa tūturu (kunenga tikanga). Ko te tukanga whanaketanga i roto i te anga o tenei ariā ko te tukanga o te huringa o iarere irarā o ira ngā i roto i te taupori o ngā momo i runga i te maha whakatupuranga.

Tauira me ngā ture o te kunenga

Ko te whanaketanga ko te tukanga tina heke. Tetahi rauropi e, i te haaputuraa o irakētanga pai taea urutau ki te tikanga hou, ka hoki mai ki te reo o mua kia waiho anō-haere ara urutaunga. Ano, e kore e taea te noho tino kahore momo, i tuhituhi Charles Darwin ia e ara, ki te e hei te taua rite i mua i te noho, e kore e taea ki te hoki ki tona āhua mua momo ka tipu. E ko, ka e taea ki te urutau ki te hoki o nga tikanga tawhito, engari e kore e te "tawhito" ara nga kararehe.

ngāwari e taea te kite i tenei i roto i te take ki te aihe. Ko te hanganga ā-o ratou tara (me ki tohorā) tonu tohu o alangá kararehe. Irakētanga i roto i te puna ira o whakatupuranga whakahoutia, kia kore toutou. Ahakoa te meka e kua puta ke aihe me te tohorā te kaiao, me wahi e rima-fingered - ki te tara, he whāngote tonu ratou. Just rite ngā ngārara tipu i amphibians i etahi wā, engari ara hoki i roto i te taiao tawhito, e kore e taea e ratou te hoatu ara ki amphibians.

Ko tētahi atu tauira o tenei ture o te kukuwhatanga: he puruma riki matomato. I tona kakau e tū kanapa, rau nui, me te matotoru e he manga mau whakarerekē. He tauine-rite nga rau pono, me te e kei i roto i te pokapū o enei "kakau." O tawerewere pakohu puta puawai puna wawe, i nei whakawhanake atu i te hua. Butcher I whakakahoretia o te rau i roto i te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga, rite kua he hua kua taea ki te urutau ki te matewai, engari ka anō-tomo ki te taiao rōwai, engari hei utu o tenei rau i whakarerekētia ngā tātā.

inhomogeneity

Ngā o te whanaketanga mea e ko te tino heterogeneous te tukanga, me te kore e whakaritea e te wa arorangi. Hei tauira, i reira he kararehe e vai rau tonu o miriona o nga tau. Te reira i ika crossopterygian, tuatara me te sablehvost - parawae ora. Ko tupu te reira e puta whakamomonga me rerekētanga rawa tere. Neke atu i te te 800 mano tau whakamutunga i roto i Ahitereiria me i te Philippines i reira he momo hou o kiore, me te roto o Baikal i roto i te 20 miriona tau ki muri kua oti taonga e 240 ngā momo o pāpaka, e kua wehea ki 34 puninga hou. Tupu ranei te huri i te momo e kore whakawhirinaki i runga i te wa e rite ana taua, engari kua whakaritea e te kore o tinana me te maha o whakatupuranga. Ko, te momo tere proliferating, te teitei te tere o te kukuwhatanga.

pūnaha kati

Tukanga pērā i te kukuwhatanga, kōwhiringa tūturu me irakētanga, taea rere nui tere. Tenei tupu ki te he iu nga tikanga taiao. Heoi, i roto i te moana hohonu, wai ana, motu me ētahi atu wāhi taratahi kukuwhatanga, oranga o te koutu me whakamomonga ko te tino puhoi. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te meka e noho na maha miriona o nga tau crossopterygian ika tonu.

Arumia te fakafalala o te auau o te kukuwhatanga o te kōwhiringa tūturu he ngārara tino ohie. I roto i te thirties o te rau tau whakamutunga ka anga ki te whakamahi ki pests drugs paitini, engari i muri i te tau torutoru i reira nga momo e kua urutau ki te tarukino. Kua noho ēnei puka i te tūranga tino, me te hohoro horapa puta noa te ao.

Hoki te maimoatanga o maha mate Kei te maha whakamahia paturopi kaha - rongoā paturopi, streptomycin, gramicidin. te kunenga o te ture ki te tango i pānga: rite wawe rite nga tekau, kua tuhia kaipūtaiao te putanga o microorganisms ātete ki enei raau taero.

regularities

E toru ngā wāhanga matua o te kukuwhatanga, pūtahitanga, hahiraa me parallelism. I te wa o te hahiraa i ia kua he hahiraa āta o tohu intraspecific e pae hopea arahi ki ngā rōpū hou o takitahi. Ka rite ki te rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga me te tikanga o te mahi kai te hoko atu korerotia, timata ngā rōpū ki te titaria ki ētahi atu wāhi. Ki te mea kua kua tukua tetahi rohe, te taua hiahia i roto i te kai, i roto i te wa, ka e kia iti te supply o kai, ka whai ratou ki te waiho i te pae, me te ki te urutau ki tikanga rerekē. Ki te i roto i te rohe taua, i reira he momo ki ngā hiahia rerekē, ko nui iti te whakataetae i waenganui i a ratou.

He tauira a Tūrongo, o te āhua o te hahiraa whanaketanga o te tukanga - he 7 momo hata e pā ana ki ia atu: tenei renitia, hata, Elk, purepure hata, ropaka, ropaka me te musk.

Momo ki te tohu nui o te ź, i te whai wāhi ki te waiho atu uri me iti whakataetae ki ia atu. A, no te whakakaha tohu o ź te, kua wehea te taupori ki iti-momo, e, kia rite ki te hua o te kōwhiringa tūturu, kia te mutunga hei te momo motuhake.

hapori

puta pūtahitanga i huaina hoki kukuwhatanga o ngā pūnaha ora, i hua i roto i te momo auauhia āhuatanga noa. He tauira o te pūtahitanga ko te ōrite i roto i te āhua tinana o aihe (whāngote), mango (ika) me ichthyosaurs (ngārara). Ko te hua o te oraraa i roto i te taiao taua me te taua tikanga o te ora tenei. rawa e auauhia, engari tino rite i roto i te ahua Laza me kamiriona agama. E hoki nga parirau he tauira o te pūtahitanga. Bats me manu puta ratou i te huri i te forelegs, engari he pūrerehua ko te hanga-ake o te tinana. Ko te tino noa i roto i te kanorau momo o te ao pūtahitanga.

parallelism

I ahu mai te wāhanga kei te i te Kariki "parallelos", e te tikanga "haere mai i muri", me tenei translation ko te whakamārama pai o tona tikanga. Concurrency Ko te tukanga o te rironga motuhake o rite hanganga āhuatanga i roto i pā tata rōpū ira, e puta ana e tika ana ki te aroaro o ngā āhuatanga, riro i tupuna noa. Kei te whānui tohaina tenei momo o te kukuwhatanga i te natura. He tauira o reira ko te ahua o tara rite pūrere ki te reo wai i roto i nei walruses otariids me phocids i hanga i roto i te whakarara. Ano i roto i te tokomaha mea ngokingoki i reira ko he nekehanga i roto i te parirau elytra mua. I roto i te Crossopterygii reira he tohu o amphibians me mokomoko kararehe-rite, i reira he tohu o whāngote. Ko te aroaro o parallelism tohu te kotahitanga kahore anake o te take mai o ngā momo, engari ano hoki te oraraa o tikanga ōrite.