Tipu ira: te faaineineraa me te whakamahi

atu whakahoutia te take o te tipu kaiao i roto i nga tau tata nei. He ona hoariri, me kaiwawao hangarau ira, heoi e kore e te āhuatanga hei maramarama i runga i te wā. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka arotahi tatou i runga i te mea kei te kaiao kai, i roto i te mea o ratou pai me ngā raruraru, ka kia te aroaro ki tauira o ngā tipu ira.

Ko te rūraa o te raruraru

Ko te taupori o te whenua ao i te timatanga o 2016 moni ki te 7.3 piriona iwi me te tipu tere i teie mahana. He maha nga iwi i runga i te ao ite te kaimahi tamau o te kai, me te wai. Ko e tika ana ki te pānga kino o te tangata i runga i te natura, i te hua i roto i te fertility oneone te mauriora tenei.

I roto i te rau tau XX i ngaro reira kore iti iho i te 20% o ngā wāhi hua-amo i runga i te ao. ki te whakaiti rite ki te hua o te kinonga koiora, desertification, Makere o mata whai hua, Tuhinga o whenua mo te tahi atu mau tumu tonu ratou rohe, me te.

Ko te whakawhiti ki te maara o te kai ahumahi mo te hanga o te waihā mewaro arata'i ki te whakaiti i roto i te rohe o te whenua ngakia, i atu kē te āhuatanga o te kai tōtika tangata.

Kua whakaaturia Russian Tāhuhu o te rangahau Hauora e āhuatanga te taupori o te kai e te hekenga i roto i te nui o ngā hua biologically faufaa. Ka rite ki te hua, he kaimahi o te pūmua hua, huaora me ētahi atu āhuatanga taiao.

Scientists matapae he hua i roto i te maha o ngā hapori o te tangata i runga i te whenua ki te 9-11 piriona i 2050, na e hiahia ana koe ki te whawhati ara Tōtoru te rōrahi o ngā hua ahuwhenua huri noa te ao ranei. E kore te mea whaihua tenei hua i waho te whakataki o ngā tipu ira ki te āwhina i te whakapiki ake i te rōrahi o hua, me te whakaiti i te utu o ngā hua, me te kei roto āhuatanga e kore e e i roto i ngā tipu tupu e te hangarau tuku iho.

Ko te ngako o te hangarau

He ira e whakatau katoa o ona āhuatanga tetahi rauropi ora. ira mekameka mātanga e hanga e āhuatanga. huaina te mekameka ano ko te tohuira (genome).

I mua, momo ranu hou whiwhi e te huinga o ngā tipu mātua e puta ke ira ki ia atu, me te whiwhi ngā āhuatanga hou. ka mau tenei tukanga he nui nui o te wā, a kahore ko te hua mutunga tonu ki runga ki tūmanako.

Na roto i te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou i reira taea ki te huri i te tohuira tipu tere i te whakauru i te ira e tika ana. Tenei aronga o te mahi rangahau i kua karangatia e engineering ira. Plants ki ira rereke i huaina ira ranei kaiao. Engineers ira hanga tohuira hou. Na reira taea ki te hohoro te tiki otaota hou. Ka rite ki te whai wāhi ki te taui i te tohuira ki te whakaaro motuhake.

Tauira akatuke'anga ira

tauturu te whawhe ira ki te whakauru i ira e te hunga ātete ki ngā āhuatanga kino:

• tito Herbicidal.
• formulations paihana.
• microorganisms Phytopathogenic.

Rāwaho rite ira e whakanui i te wā matuatanga, whakatika hauota. E taea te whakapai ake i te hanganga waikawa amino o ngā tipu pūmua.

Ko te whanaketanga o te ahumahi ahuwhenua me te whakatō i te taua hua i roto i ngā wāhi nui arata'i ki uri o pests, me te whakawhiti mate. Ki te whawhai ki a ratou, pūtaiao hanga maha pūhui matū. Pests āta urutau ki te paihana, me te riro ātete. Kei te taumaha te āhuatanga taiao i tenei: mate pepeke e hiahiatia ana, a i roto i te oneone hinga matū kino.

tuku te whawhe ira te hanganga o ira e hua tiaki ki pests. I roto i te tōmato hauhake ira meinga pirau tere. Ko te kukama e tapiritia ira te kawenga mō te hanganga o te huka, mutu ake koe ki te totoma reka. Takahi tukua enei tikanga tipu ki te tupu tino, e hoatu e loto tiketike, me te kore e wehi o pirinoa, me te kore e riro mate.

kawea ana tēnei mahi i roto mai i 1984. rēhita Ko te tipu ira tuatahi i roto i 1983. Ko reira te tupeka, i roto i te hanganga pūtau i whakaurua ira tuatoru-rōpū. kawea tamataraa mara Tupeka i roto i roto i 1986 i roto i te United States. Na i roto i 1994 ka haere te United States i te kai ira hoko. ko nga tōmato ki te wā e maoa iti me soybeans enei. I muri e rua nga tau i runga i te mākete ka haere mai tetahi rārangi o kai ira engineered: witi, tōmato, rīwai, soybeans, rapeseed, rarihi, kamokamo, me te miro.

Mai reira, nga whakarerekētanga ira tono ki hua katoa, i nga hua ratou tupu. Ko e tika ana ki te painga ohaoha tenei. I muri i te katoa, te pokai namu Colorado te whakangaromia e kai nui o rīwai, i te mea he aha e ngaro pirioni o tāra. Te whakatau i roto i te manakohia o rīwai ira, kahore raro ki te namu potato Colorado. Ka taea e koe te haere tonu ki te karanga i nga otaota ira he tauira. Ki te rā, ko te tino whānui te rārangi. Tata Kua riro hua katoa ratou mahanga ira.

Ko te tukanga pūtaiao

Te hanga tipu ira tīmata ki te whakataki o ira motuhake i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau mo te kōmitimiti ki o ratou pūira. Ko te tukanga o te whakauru ira ke māmā ki te e nekehia atu nga taiepa pūtau tuatahi i te whākōkī: pectinase cellulase ranei, e arata'i ki te ahua o protoplasts. Te whakauru i ira hou ki te hanganga protoplast, i muri nei e peu i roto i ngā āhuatanga matūkai nga pūtau, ka hanga e kua whakamahia te pūtau mo te ora o te tipu.

Ko te whāinga matua o te pūtaiao ira - he tipu ira ātete ki te waipatutaru me huaketo. Hoki tenei whakaaro i te tikanga o te whakauru transgenes e faaite te paturopi roto te pūtau ki pūmua viral. Excretion o ahurea e kore kitea ki wheori, ka taea ki te hanga i te tiaki pono o ngā otaota i maha momo o te tipu mate viral.

Ko te tikanga taketake o te whakaputa tipu ira e:

1. Ko te whakamahi o Agrobacterium. Ko reira ki te whakauru i te huakita motuhake i roto i te tohuira tipu.
2. "DNA-pū." I roto i tenei take, pūtaiao mooni "kopere" o tona DNA ki te pūtau. Ka rite ki te hua, e hanga enei "matā" ki tona DNA ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana.

He uara pai

hanga Tīpakonga e taea ki te tiki i te tipu ki te nui nui o huaora. Ko te whanaketanga o te mataora whakaratohia te whai wāhi. Hei tauira, i whakanohoia ai te "raihi koura" ki te ihirangi tiketike o te huaora A. rōpere riro ki te ihirangi tiketike o te huaora C. meatia I whakaputahia, i nui haere e rima nga wa te nui o huaora E.

hua Mā te tipu ngā tino pūmua, kano, paturopi. Mā te pūnaha tipu he pūmua recombinant i runga i te tauine arumoni. Ko te taiki tangata rawa tuatahi i whiwhi i roto i 1986. Mai Na, he rota o pūmua synthesized, i roto i nei ko:

• avidin (whakamahia i roto i te rangahau koiora rāpoi);
• casein (waiu pūmua whakamahia rite te tāpiri kai);
• Collagen me elastin (pūmua mō rongoa).

Whakamahi o kaiao tipu kaiao whakatutuki i ngā take e karapoti ana i te reo purenga. Hei tauira, te hanga i tētahi tipu-biodegradatory. Ka taea e ratou te āwhina i te whāwehe o hinu, me te tahi atu matū mōrearea i roto i ngā wāhi nui.

Ki te horoi i te wai, me te oneone, e taea te whakamahi i te whakato ki te takanga mai matū kino i te taiao, rawa konganuku taimaha. I roto i enei ngā, te tupeka mata, kua enei kaha katoa.

Hei te mahi e whakatokia nga mahi o te tipu purenga i roto i ngā wāhi poke ka nekehia, ka inoculated ki te rōpū "kaihoroi" hou. Ki te pure i te wai, kia hutia taua tipu pūnaha rumakina ki wairewa waiwai.

ngā ahumahi

Ko te tukanga o te whakaputa tipu ira ngā maha ngā wāhanga:

1. Momo ki te taumata tiketike o te hua.
2. Te hanga i te ahurea e taea o te whakaputa e rave rahi hua ia tau. (Hei tauira, rōpere muia, fruiting rua i roto i te kotahi te raumati.)
3. Production o ngā tipu ira ātete ki pepeke. (He ko te rīwai, e whakamotitia namu potato.)
4. Variety, ki te hinga tetahi tikanga huarere.
5. tipu Breeding te whakaputa pūmua kararehe. (I roto i Haina, tupeka cultivar ahu whakaputa lactoferrin tangata.)

Ko te whakamahi o ngā tipu ira te āwhina ki te whakaoti i te maha o ngā take, i roto ia ratou: hapa kai, te whanaketanga fifi Pūtaiao agronomic me te tini ke atu. Nā ki te tipu kaiao e ngaro patukīrea kino e whai te pānga te waipiro i runga i te taiao. tipu ira ātete ki pepeke, - he kore pakimaero, engari he āhuatanga rawa tūturu i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua tenei.

Rerekētanga i waenganui i kaiao me te taiao tipu

e kore e taea reimana Simple ki te wehewehe i waenganui i ngā tipu māori, me te ira. Kei te kitea te reira i roto i na whakamātautau taiwhanga.

whakahau Russian Tāhuhu o Hauora i roto i 2002 te kaiwhakanao ki te tapa hua e kua tito o neke atu i te rima ōrau rauemi gennopreobrazovannogo. Otiia i roto i te vairaa mau, taua tapanga he tata kahore tetahi e karanga. arowhai tika whakakitea wā taua maumaui.

Hei kia āhei hoki te kawemai, rironga me te hoko o ngā hua kaiao reira he he taimaha, he tukanga rēhita kāwanatanga. Ko te tino disadvantageous hoki kaiwhakanao kai tenei.

Tohu i runga i te hua e kore te auraa e ka meinga te kai kino ki te tangata. Na, he maha kaihoko kite reira rite te tohu ati.

tipu kaiao - he aha e ratou?

I roto i Russia, kua rēhita me te arowhai e tika ana nga momo katoa 10 o ngā tipu ira. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• soybeans e rua momo;
• Witi e rima ngā momo;
• momo rīwai e rua;
• beets;
• huka pīti i tenei.

I roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, hua kaiao whai tapanga, kapi ratou nga whata. I roto i Russia, he maha rawa ngā hua rite, tohu ahakoa e tika ana ki runga ki a ratou i reira. Heoi, kei te kawemai enei hua katoa i ētahi atu whenua. I roto i Russia, kitea te tikanga ira puta pera tawhiti anake i roto i ngā pūtaiao. whakapehapeha Tūturu hoki te pūtaiao ko te rīwai, e mate pītara rau potato.

Taiao patoi taua rīwai. Ko te rangahau, i whakakitea e na roto i te kai he rīwai i roto i kiore huringa o tātai toto, te ōwehenga o whekau o te tinana, i reira e ngā pathologies. Heoi, kia rite ki kaipūtaiao, ehara i te mea he take ki te whakakahore i te ahumahi rite te katoa.

whanaketanga ira nui māmā tikanga tupuranga, a ētahi wā haumaru. He ngawari te taiao hua ira, reira, kei roto i te tono i roto i te whenua underdeveloped. I roto i te heke mai, organic huawhenua me te kai ka hei te hua o ngā toa iti ki utu tiketike.

Huapai me ngā huakore o te tipu kaiao

E rua ngā whakaaro taha e pā ana ki te uara o te hangarau ira. whakapono ētahi aivanaa te huringa o ngā raraunga tohuira rawa haumaru mō te tinana tangata, me te he tino whai hua mo te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua. Etahi whakapono e te hua o taua panoni ka whakaatu ratou i muri noa nga tau maha.

wehea hoki te haerenga mai o te tipu ira whakawhiti te ao i roto i te hawhe. I roto i te hunga i muri - te United States, Canada, Ahitereiria, Argentina me te tini ke atu. E ohipa te reira ki Europe me nga whenua maha ki te pūnaha whakamuri o te ahuwhenua.

whakapono te tautohe ki te tipu ira te e taua ahurea pae hopea riro ratou tarutaru ineradicable ranei kia hono ki ētahi atu māra, whakapoke i te taiao. O te akoranga, ko reira tino taea.

Te āhuatanga i roto i te ao, me te i roto i Russia

He tino onge whata Pākehā i runga i ngā hua kaiao. Kei te tango mana State ture tino tono tapanga taua hua. He hoki ture mō te DNA. Tenei tūranga o Europe ko te āhua tōrangapū, me te ōhanga.

I roto i Russia taua ture ano. Heoi, i reira he kahore ture e tukua ki te hoatu gennoizmenennye ahurea. Ka taea e koe te arahi i te whanaketanga o te hanga o ngā momo hou, me te whakaaetia ki te kawemai hua gennopreobrazovannye i whenua ke. I roto i Russia kawemai soybeans ira, me te witi.

whakaaro Public i runga i te āhuatanga o ngā māngai puka pāpāho nga taonga gennoizmenennymi. faa'oru ratou nga ngaahi kākā, ka tango i te taha o nga hoariri hua gennopreobrazovannoy. Ko te taunakitanga pūtaiao o tona haumaru i te wa ano noho i roto i te atarangi.

He reira meinga hoki āwangawanga?

Tetahi tipu i haria ki te hurihanga ira, haere arowhai haumaru whakahauanga i mua i te fariiraa i whakaaetanga ki te tono papatipu. Kei te tūhura tari Kāwanatanga nga tūponotanga taiao, me te toxicological e pā ana ki te maara o enei kai. No pānga kino nui i muri i te whakamahi o ngā hua kaiao kihai i ano i rēhita.

te whawhe ira tuku he opuaraa tika kanapa: e kore e tipu ira hei mate, me te kore e pirau. Otiia e kore e wareware i te tawhito kupu: ". Nature whakarihariha te mārua" Hea ki te haere pests me mate? E noho, kahore kai, me te mate pirinoa? He aha te pānga ka he mārama tonu tenei āhuatanga.

E ai ki hoariri o te hangarau ira, Engineers, e mahi ana geneticists tutu ki te natura. Ratou, neke tutu'a pērā tetahi ira i roto i tetahi aronga, e te taniwha, ka arahi ki hopearaa pouri. Heoi, i te wa, i te whakapanga a tākuta o maia ki te pokanoa ki te tinana tangata, a hanga rongoā hou kua ahu whakamua nui, me ngā mahi a te tākuta, kahore tetahi take o tautohetohe.

Kia e rite kia reira, e kore e taea te ahu whakamua mutu. Pea, te whakamahi o ngā otaota ira whakawhiti - ko te heke mai tata o te ahumahi ahuwhenua. Ano, ko te whanaketanga o te engineering ira taea te āwhina ahuwhenua ki te tiki i roto i o maha āhuatanga uaua. Ka whakarato te hangarau koiora hou whakatau me ētahi atu take (kai, hangarau me te tōrangapū).

Na riro te reira mārama e taua tipu ira (GMPs), hoatu he tauira me te whakahoki ki tenei pātai taea tetahi kaipānui o te tuhinga.