Waikawa - te reira te tikanga? momo o te waikawa

Waikawa - he ahua o tānga toi, tā image i te cliché whakamutunga. whakairo Classical Ko te hou i te rakau, kirihou (kahupeka) he rauemi kiriaku ranei, tapahia i roto i te cutter i roto i te puka o tetahi tauira. He iti te maha o ongo i roto i tenei take. Waikawa - he woodcut, hangaia nei te whakamahi i te hangarau motuhake. I te ngakau o te waikawa tā - pereti konganuku, parahi, rino ranei te konutea.

waikawa

pereti Metal, tukatuka Billet cliché taero waikawa. Hoki maitai whakamahia waikawa hauota, mo te parahi - chloro tauhohe.

oro te pereti konganuku rahi e tika ana o te ki te whiti, degreased ka hipoki ki te kararehe waikawa-ātete motuhake. I muri i maroke, kua tauira te workpiece, e ai kia taratara, me te rapu utu rework muri. I roto i ētahi wā, ka taea te tino oti te whakapakoko. Te reira i katoa tei runga i te manakohanga o te ariki. He maha kaitoi kitea te tika pai-kita o te cliché, engari etahi whakapono e kore e hiahia ana koe pono ki te kia whakatikaina. Heoi, e kore te mea nui te tikanga, engari te hua whakamutunga. Heoi, waikawa - he toi tino e titau mohio nui e rua i roto i te faaineineraa, a i roto i te faaineineraa o tika ka tā.

tukatuka iahiko

I muri tā i runga i te rangatira pātea Rakuraku kikokore ngira koi nga rārangi katoa, te tango i ki paninga waikawa-ātete i roto i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana. Ko te kupu tau ana kitea te whakarewa ki te kaiwhakahohe wātea anake i aua ngā wahi ko reira e tika ana ki te hanga i te hikinga. rumakina preform proshtrihovannaya rite i roto i te waikawa, ka tīmata te tukanga waikawa. Me humarie hipokina Patehepa ki te tarukino ki te ārai tafé. I roto i tenei take, he tino ki te hau i te ruma reira, na e kore e te te rangi hāngai au paitini waikawa paitini.

rauemi matū

Etchings - Ko te tukanga matatini e titau etahi tikanga ki te whakarite i te haumaru o te toi. e kore e whakaaetia waiho noa o mehua tiaki. E whakamahia rauemi Chemical i te machining o workpieces konganuku mō te waikawa, he nui kino, o ratou pānga kino i runga i te tinana tangata me tino whāpāharehia, i te iti rawa whakaiti ranei. I muri waikawa i te papa oti i horoia i roto i te wai rere, a ki haro reira toenga peita.

Next, tono te tïpako te ki te mangumangu e whakakiia ana te hikinga katoa. nekehia atu waituhi te taikaha te i te mata o te whakapuru. Na e hanga mā te pēhi i waikawa tānga poari. aki te pepa e ki te turanga o te ōhakitia pēhanga taufetongi koi me te rerekē. Ko te kupu, ka taea te tikanga waikawa ki a koutou te hanga tuhinga o tetahi whīwhiwhi; thinnest rārangi, curls, ira me rapirapi titiro rawa pararopi. Ki te te maha o tānga o tekau me rau, kei te āta murua te cliché me ngaro rerekē. I roto i tenei take, ko te mea e tika ana ki te wā whakahou te poari, uhi ano taua mea ki te kararehe, me te waikawa-waikawa ki te faahohonu i te tātuhi.

puka tā

tukatuka tika i te paraharaha whakarewa, ano mua tukanga pickling, tonu e taea te whakamahi i te maha o ngā wā. Ia pereti ko te paraharaha tā, i hanga te tānga waikawa. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, tenei whakapakoko toi. whakaaro whakairo waikawa e tetahi o nga momo tino ngā o te toi. I whakawhanakehia te reira i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 16.

whakatutukitanga auaha

I roto i te 1515 ka tahuri ki te tikanga o waikawa te kaipeita rongonui Albrecht Dürer, ko ana ngā waikawa papa whakarewa te timatanga o te wā o te whakairo toi pai. ngā Dürer te hanganga o nga etchings tuhi matarohia, roa kua enei tikanga e rua i te uara ōrite i roto i tona mahi.

kaipeita Italian Parmigianino, ariki kē o etchings, whakaarahia ratou ki te paetukutuku o te toi pono. I muri mai, te kaipeita Tatimana Rembrandt hanga i roto i te whakapakoko o te tākaro ahurei o te marama me te atarangi, i roto i te tua, ka anga ia ki te mahi anō-waikawa, i hoatu hōhonu takahi inä.

aquatint

I roto i te 1765, kitea kaipeita Wīwī Jean-Baptiste Leprens he tikanga hou mō te whakaputa pepe rawa ngohengohe, haamana'oraa o te peita wai. huaina te hangarau ko "aquatint". Hoki te maungärongo te whakapakoko tuatahi aratau whakawhiti i tracings tikanga nakalyvaniya papa ka hipoki i roto i kaihokohoko nau nga wahi pouri. Poari wera, rewa te paura, me te hipoki te mata o te paparanga potakataka. tukatuka wāhi Bright i roto i te ara mua. maha Aquatint whakamahia i roto i ngā ki tā tae, whakaaro he rangatira mua o tenei tikanga te ki Francisco Goya, tetahi o te pai-Etchers toi i roto i te hītori.

Zhak Kallo

Mai te waikawa - ko te toi mohio, nga toi pai o te tenetere 16-18th ngana ana ki te whakamatau ratou i roto i te momo uaua. Heoi, haere tahi te angitu i te taha anake te pūmanawa tino. Ko tētahi o nga rangatira tino rongonui o waikawa wawe te rau tau 17 ko te tohungatā Wīwī Zhak Kallo. mahi te kaitoi i roto i te kāhua talena ngali, he wāhanga o te raupapa o "Tuhinga o War", me te tino pukorero ariki o waikawa huaina ana mahi tino rongonui "Hung."

momo o te waikawa

I roto i te tikanga rau whakairo 17 pai whakamahia i roto i te iconography. Ko te māngai o te kura Ara o te peita, te artist Anthony Van Deyk, ka he etcher pai, mahi whika mo'a. taea toi waikawa ki te hopu i te mita mohio tino o whakapakoko rongonui.

Tētahi atu momo ko te waikawa reproduction pera-ka karanga. i whāngai te reira i te kaiwhakaputa. Tata katoa o nga whakaahua i roto i te pukapuka i whakaputaina i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 18, i hanga ai i roto i te tikanga o te waikawa. ko te pai tano tenei Kāhua Pikitia mō mahi tuhituhi. whiwhi karakara whika, me te pai haere mauri o te kōrero. Tū i wātea, āhua ngāwari ki te tiki haere hōtaka waikawa, ka noho tonu te kounga image i te taumata tiketike.

Mezzotint - ahua o te nuinga o te wā-kai, engari tino whai hua. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te whakamahi o te pepe e tika ana ki te "graining" te mata o te cliché. Ko te rawa iti rawa hoatu roughness e tā whakarato whakawhitinga maeneene i te marama ki te atarangi. Etchings hanga i roto i te tikanga o mezzotint momonatanga velvety rerekē me tupapaku.

Ko te "taketake" view - whakapakoko tino toi e kua anake i te rangatira tino rongonui. No te toi maha, kua meinga waikawa he ahua o te putanga, i roto i nei e taea ki te ite tino ratou wawata auaha ratou. whakaaro te kaituhi tino kōhure o te rau tau 18 ko te kaihoahoa Itari Giovanni Piranesi, he kaituhi o maha whakapakoko o Roma cityscapes me Antiques. toi No iti rongonui o te wa i etcher Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ,, Francisco Goya, Antuan Vatto, Canaletto, Fransua Bushe.

fanauraa

I roto i te rau tau 19 hinga te toi o te waikawa ki koroua, tupu te reira i raro i te mana o te ahua o hangarau tā i roto i te tikanga ātaahua. Heoi, i te mutunga o nga kaituhi toi rau faahou tēnei wā. i kitea kore etchings New hei faahoho'araa ki te putanga pukapuka, kua riro ratou mahi tonu i-parirau o toi, ngā toi i roto i te tūtohi. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, i whakatata ratou e maha kaipeita French pērā i Charles-Fransua Dobini, Kamil Koro me ētahi atu. tino ia i roto i te tikanga o te waikawa me te Parisian kaipeita Impressionism Edouard Manet. I roto i te toi Russian tuhi technique taukei Valentin Serov ko Ivan Shishkin. etcher American ko Dzheyms Uistler, Swedish - Anders Zorn i Germany mo te tuhi mahi Adolf Mentsel.