Wehe uri - ko te taahiraa matamua i roto i te kunenga mai o ngā momo

Ki te wehe uri o taupori o haamata kotahi momo, tonu reira ki pito tino kiriweti, te hanganga o ngā momo hou o tetahi kaiao ki runga ki to tatou paraneta. wehe uri - te Arepa, te Omeka o te kukuwhatanga o te ora i runga i te whenua.

ariā wehe

Panmictic mō ngā tipu me ngā kararehe (te hunga e tārua moepuku) te ariā o te "tirohanga" hopoi mai huihui te huinga o ngā rauropi e te hunga rite i roto i ara maha, e noho ana i roto i te wāhi ngā me te kaha ki te whakaputa uri i te tonu. fakahu'unga tenei hybridization noa, me te ahua uri hua. wehe uri - he rāhuitanga katoa te kanohi ranei i runga i te whakawhitinga noa. Just i raro i te whakarerenga hono ki te tukanga tupuranga, matau me te tākaro i te uri ranu horomata.

Whakarōpū o mātao i roto i te koiora

I teie mahana, ngā pūtaiao - Evolutionists whakahere momo rerekē o ngā pūnaha whakarōpū, puka me huarahi o te wehe koiora. He pūnaha, tango rite te pūtake te tauwehe wa, ranei e kore te kakató puta ake whiti. Kia tango tatou rite te pūtake te parau tumu tino noa o te systematization o te matauranga e pā ana ki te taratahi e tapaea ana e kaikoiora ingoa - FG evolutionist Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

momo katoa o te mātao rerekē rite ki te huarahi o te tupu:

• wehe matawhenua o taupori;
• taiao;
• tūturu koiora.

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i te kōrero atu i te puka o te taratahi uri.

fakangatangata matawhenua

Matawhenua wehe uri - tauwhāiti reira te whakawhitinga noa o kaiao meinga e huringa i roto i te āhua arowhenua (te ahua o tauārai maunga, huringa i roto i te awa moenga) ranei momo whakanohonoho i runga i ngā wāhi nui. I roto i tenei take i te ariā o te rōpū o kaiao, iahiko tere, me te whakawhitiwhiti i nga ira i roto i te rōpū taratahi. Ko te tauira tino rongonui - vini a Darwin, rerekē momo o e he āhuatanga o ia motu. Ko reira ue'i enei manu Charles Darwin ki te tuhituhi tona mahi "te Origin o Momo e Founga o Natural Tīpakonga".

taiao mātao me ngā āhuatanga kaiao

à e āhuatanga taiao wehe uri kaiao o taupori o te taua momo, ngā i roto i te rohe taua. kia taua āhuatanga e mismatching wa whakatö āhuatanga kai o takitahi ranei. Tahi mau aivanaa e whakapono e kore ko tenei puka he wehe uri. e kore e tenei rāhuitanga kanohi arahi ki te eita o ripeka-tupuranga. Ahakoa, rerekē te whakaaro o ngā pūkenga, te tīariari tauira i roto i te natura. E toru ora i runga i te rohe o te Arctic momo hiri. haere mai ratou katoa i te tupuna phylogenetic taua. Ko whangai anake Ross hiri e cephalopods, reparo te moana - nanakia mohoao kororā me ētahi atu hiri, me hiritia Witt anake kai ika. A e kore ratou e hybridize ki ia atu, ahakoa tino rite i roto i te ahua.

motuhake Mau uri

Mau wehe uri - ko reira te puka nei te hono hāngai ki te āhuatanga o te tukanga whakaputa uri. Na ka tohatoha dokopulyatsionny poslekopulyatsionny me huarahi e ārai i te purei anō o ratou ake ahua.

Kua karangatia e ētahi aivanaa momo katoa o te mātao koiora ranei huarahi whakaputa uri me ngā rōpū wehe matawhenua, me te kaiao dokopulyativnoy wehe uri.

tikanga Dokopulyatsionnnye

Tenei tikanga wehe e pā ana ki te eita o te kahui. E toru ngā āhua:

1. Etologichekaya e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te whanonga fakasekisualé, wehe uri. Tauira: he whanonga kahui tikanga o manu, rerekē kikimo naki o fireflies i te āhua me te reo o te faaipoiporaa o oro o poroka, te rerekētanga i roto i te pheromones (matū matū kōrero) ngeru nui.
2. wehe Mechanical tika ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga o nga whekau whakaputa uri. Hei tauira, ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga o te puawai paratawhiti arahi ki te taea o te haenga o te puka motuhake o te colibri. Ko te taua he pono hoki momo rerekē o te Sage maheni. He onge nga kararehe. Hei tauira, i roto i Drosophila kahui momo rerekē arata'i ki wharanga ranei ara te mate o te hoa.
3. No pūtau pokanoa iroriki (tohuhema) ka karanga mātao germline. whakamatauria te reira i experimentally i roto i taiwhanga me kararehe. I roto i tenei take, e wahi kahui, engari e kore e wairakau kākano.

momo Poslekopulyativnoy o motuhake whakaputa uri

Ko te ariā tata ki te dokopulyativnoy whakamutunga tikanga motuhake, engari i roto i tenei take i hanga te kukune te. Heoi, i rānei patua ia i roto i te tīmatanga o te ontogeny, ranei mate i mua i te pūhuruhurutanga o, ranei he horomata mau taata ranu. Ko te tikanga o te mate, o konei ranu matatini e pā ana ki te ira, pūira āhuatanga cytological ranei. E mohiotia tauira o ngā momo o hybrids. hybrids whanaunga tata, hei okotahi, kia ahei o te uri. Ko reira i reira ko te āhuatanga i roto i te koiora e hōloa puka ranu - kei te hoko piki ngoikore ia whakatupuranga ngā o hybrids me āta manahune.

Ko te hiranga koiora o motuhake whakaputa uri

Ehara i ngā momo katoa o te noho wehe o ngā taupori arahi ki te hanganga o ngā momo hou. Ko te taahiraa matamua i roto i te whakamomonga riro tonu te wehe wāhanga oti ranei o taupori rōpū o kaiao ranei. Neke atu i te wa, ka he rauemi utu ira i roto i te rōpū motuhake kuiti piki rerekētanga ira i te tahi atu rōpū o tenei momo, riro wehe uri ake nui, me te oti. Ki te haaputuputuraa o te maha rawaka o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te genomes mea i hanga i te momo hou. I roto i te koiora, e kore e pera ohie, he reira te tahi mau taime rawa uaua ki te wehewehe i te rōpū o ngā kaiao i roto i te titiro hou. Otiia, e hopoi mai nga hao o te nöhanga hohonu-moana e kore i mohiotia ano te māngai rangahau moana ki systematics hou.