Whekau kararehe, pūnaha okana: definition, tauira

He rauropi ora - ko te pūnaha o whekau hono me te kopa. Na roto i to ratou mahi ruruku o te kararehe e taea te mahi tikanga. A e kore e mea faufaa te reira i te mea wāhanga o te whanaketanga ko te tinana. Ko te rerekētanga anake ko e kia te māngai o te kararehe i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te kukuwhatanga, me, reira, whēkau kararehe, rerekē hoki ngā pūnaha okana i roto i ngā o te hanganga me te mahi. hāngai ana tēnei i runga i te parau tumu o te phylogeny.

Ko te hanganga o tinana kararehe

Te nuinga whēkau i te hanganga noa iahiko: takotoranga kiko tūhonohono, te paparanga uaua me te paparanga roto. Tei runga i te mahi me te mahi o enei paparanga e taea te pai whakawhanakehia, ngaro i kō atu e ētahi atu pae ranei.

Ehara i te kopa kararehe katoa hanga whēkau. Hei tauira, coelenterates me kāri, flatworms i tonu i te taumata kiko o te whakahaere.

Biology. pūnaha koiora

I te tīmatanga, ngā te tinana o kaiao o ngā pūtau rerekëtanga. I roto i te kukuwhatanga o tinana kararehe i hanga e, pūnaha okana. rerekē ratou i roto i te taumahinga, engari whakatika nei ia ratou mahi kei te anake i tetahi mea - ki te pupuri i te tamau o te taiao ā-o te tinana , me te ora noa.

Tohatoha i te pūnaha okana e whai ake nei:

1. reretoto.

2. Digestive.

3. musculoskeletal.

4. excretion.

5. Respiratory.

6. endocrine.

7. Nervous.

8. Ngā ngohe.

9. Ka kite te pūnaha.

Ko te pūnaha reretoto o kararehe

pūnaha circulatory tuatahi puta i roto i annelids, a to ratou katia reira momo. E rua oko matua - hikumārō me ventral. E piri ratou i mua o te takere tinana kutukutu kaha i huaina trivially "aau", engari e te reira e kore e hinonga motuhake, engari oko noa, nga taiepa o e roto i te paparanga mātotoru o te uaua kiko.

kukuwhatanga atu o whēkau ko e whai ake:

- katoa momo o te kararehe ki runga ki a tae atu pūnaha circulatory mātaitai o te momo tuwhera;

- te pūnaha golovohordovyh o momo kati, engari kua kore e ngakau;

- i cyclostomes (tuere, piharau) puta dvukamernoe ngakau;

- amphibians me ngā ngārara e toru-chambered ngakau, he whakauru i te toto;

- manu me kararehe, te ngakau o te-ruma 4, kia e taea e ratou te pupuri i te pāmahana tinana tonu (homeothermic).

pūnaha alimentary

pūnaha kūnatu tuatahi fakamatala'i flatworms (i roto i te puka o takere kati). Nono ki reira. I muri, kua tipu nga whekau o kararehe e whai ake:

- te roundworms puta hohonu te ngongo intestinal: hindgut me te nono (i roto i te manureva i reira e rua o te whēkau i anake);

- te annelids i hanga repe konupūmā salivary, nei mahi matua - whāwehe o detritus;

- Kei te ūhia angawaho mua me te whēkau waenganui ki te anga chitin;

- puta te Amphioxus tereraa ate;

- i roto i te ika cartilaginous - piha helical i roto i te kōpiro iti, tona mahi - te whakanui ake i te mata momi;

- i atu kukuwhatanga i runga i te toronga o te whēkau, a no reira, he hua i roto i te rohe momi.

taputapu toitoi

Kei o rua ngā pūnaha pūnaha musculoskeletal: te kōhiwi me uaua. mahi te kōhiwi rite te tautoko, me te uaua te kawenga mō te kaupapa i roto i te wāhi. kunenga tata ko te pārōnaki nui, me te whakaiti whakaritenga metameric.

1. puta te kōhiwi i roto i cyclostomes.
2. I roto i te cartilaginous ika cartilaginous reira, te nuinga o te ika a Ihakara - wheua.
3. Ki te puta ū i roto i amphibians rima-fingered wahi, whakawhanake wheua waewae noa, me te tuarā hou.
4. Reptiles i hanga pouaka.
5. I roto i te manu, i reira te mea he rota o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga kōhiwi i roto i te hononga ki te pūrere ki te rere.
6. I roto i te kararehe, i reira ko te pārōnaki whakamutunga o wheua.

pūnaha puha

I wehia reira he whēkau kararehe? ngā ano pūnaha okana te pūnaha secretion, i te kawenga mō te tango i te tinana pūkoro hua, tāoke me paihana.

- kanohi flatworms pūnaha puha te protonephridia.

- I roto i te annelids kua metanephridia.

- I roto i ngā angawaho puta repe matomato, korere Malpighian.

- mātaitai matou - tākihi.

- Katoa o nga momo e whai ake nei (ki te ika) matenga tākihi.

- I roto i te ika, me amphibians mesonephros.

I roto i te katoa, mai i ngokingoki, me te whakamutu ki kararehe, e whakamana i enei mahi tākihi papatoiake.

pūnaha romahā

mahi te reira i te mahi o te taiao nakunaku hāora. puta Tuatahi i roto i te angawaho.

- I roto i te waimāori pūnaha romahā kanohi e te pihapiha.

- pepeke - te pukorokoro.

- i roto i te mollusks - te marama i hanga e te kōhao koroka.

- kararehe katoa urutomo o ika ki te pūnaha romahā - te reira pihapiha.

- whakawhanakehia poroka ki pūkahukahu saccular.

- Reptiles - pūtau.

- Birds - tu'ūlutui.

- Mammals - tana pukapuka kauae.

pūnaha io

hono pūnaha Nervous atu pūnaha okana i roto i te rauropi kotahi, hoatu te tohu me te whakahaere i te mahi o ia wahi.

Ko te pūnaha io o te momo ruia ana puta i roto i coelenterates.

- flatworms ortogon arawhata pūnaha io ranei.

- E roundworms peripharyngeal mowhiti karere, me te karere kahiwi.

- I roto i te annelids peripharyngeal mowhiti karere, me te taura karere ventral.

- I roto i te angawaho reira he upoko ganglion me noho tonu te taura io ventral.

- I pipi huinga pūnaha io.

- He puta golovohordovyh roha o te ngongo neural i te pito mua o te tinana.

- Ko te ika te huna hoki nga wahi katoa o te roro.

Atu mea ngokingoki i reira ko nga timatanga o te uho kaka.

I roto i te kararehe, i reira he convolutions roro.

pūnaha whakaputa uri

mahi pūnaha whakaputa uri - ki te tākaro rātou ake ahua. Ka taea e te pūnaha whakaputa uri tane, te wahine ranei, i reira he hermaphrodites (annelids, mollusks). Kua tipu pūnaha Women o āta. Ko te whekau matua he kōpū, korere kākano, ovaries. puta maha kutukutu pirinoa ara ootype me atu mate pukupuku: pūmua, te toene.

Kei o testes me ara tātea pūnaha whakaputa uri tane. Next, kua tukua te parāoa i roto i te okana copulatory i waho ranei i roto i nga whekau taihemahema wahine.

mutunga

titiro matou ki te mea ko nga whekau o te kararehe. tākaro pūnaha whēkau i te wāhi nui i roto i te tiaki i te ora noa o tino tetahi takitahi, ahakoa tangata noke ranei. Ki te te te mahi tika ia pūnaha, ki te pupuri homeostasis o te rauropi.

Tamariki i roto i te piha haapiiraa koiora ako i te hanganga o kaiao ora. hanga rauemi Visual reira māmā ki te mahara te titiro o whēkau kararehe. Ripanga o ngā pūnaha rerekē e taea te kitea i roto i tata tetahi koiora ako.