Āhuatanga Chemical o waiwaro

Te mewaro me ona homologs huaina rohe (kukū) waiwaro paraffinic waiwaro tahi ranei. Ko te matū organic whakamutunga-ingoa (i te tātai matū whānui CnH2n + 2, e whakaata te waiwai o te rāpoi ngota, ngota e hono ana e kotuari here ohie waro-hauwai, te waro-waro ranei) e whakaritea i roto i runga i te International Nomenclature o pūhui matū. E ratou e rua puna matua: hinu faufau, me te hau tūturu. Āhuatanga o waiwaro i roto i te raupapa huirua ke wā ki hua i roto i te maha rāpoi ngota o ngota waro.

Kua mua whakapumautia te mema o te tuatahi e wha o te raupapa huirua ingoa. Waiwaro, muri ratou e denoted e ngā tau Kariki mutu -ko. Ko te taimaha rāpoi o ia pūwaro ngā rerekē i te tetahi o mua e 14 amu ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o ngā hopi, pērā i ira whakakoero (solidification) me te koropupu (tōhau), te kiato, me te hua taupū hakoko ki te whakanui ake i taimaha rāpoi. Ki te mewaro pūwaro - hau ki pēwaro i pentadecane-wai, aru e te totoka. He mama noa ake te wai sperm katoa me e kore e tareka i roto i te reira. Hoki waiwaro tahi ngā:

• CH4 - mewaro;
• C2H6 - ewaro;
• C3H8 - pōwaro;
• C4H10 - pūwaro;
• C5H12 - pēwaro;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - hewaro;
• C8H18 - wāwaro;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane me pera i runga i.

āhuatanga matū o waiwaro i mahi iti. Ko tenei tika ki te kaha whanaunga o te here kore-neke C-C me iti-C-H, me te waiwai o te rāpoi ngota. E hono e kotahi σ-here e te hunga uaua ki te whakangaro i te mea o ratou polarizability iti nga ngota katoa. taea anake te mohio whaturama o ratou i raro i etahi tikanga, kua hanga e nga Radicals, e ko te ingoa o te pūhui paraffinic ki whakakapinga katinga. Hei tauira, pōwaro - propyl (C3H7-), ewaro - Ethyl (C2H5-), te mewaro - mewaro (CH3-) me pera i runga i.

āhuatanga matū o waiwaro mea e pā ana ki inertness o enei pūhui. e kore e ahei o tauhohe tua ratou. Angamaheni o enei ko te tauhohenga whakauru. Hāora (ngingiha) puta noa waiwaro paraffinic i faateiteihia e te pāmahana. Ka taea te oxidized ratou ki waiwaihā, aldehydes me waikawa. Ka rite ki kia he kreginga hua (tukanga wāhinga waiariki o waiwaro) waiwaro teitei i te pāmahana o te 450 ki te 550 ° C Puka kukū waiwaro ki te taimaha rāpoi raro. Ki te hua o te pāmahana whāwehe ngāwhā i huaina ko pyrolysis.

e kore āhuatanga Chemical o waiwaro whakawhirinaki anake i runga i te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i te rāpoi ngota, engari ano hoki i runga i te hanganga. Ka taea te wehea paraffins noa katoa (ka taea te hono tetahi ngota C ki kore ngā ngota waro ake atu i te rua) me (e taea te hono C ngota ki te wha atu C-ngota i roto i tenei muingota he hanganga mokowā) iso-hanganga. Hei tauira, pēwaro, 2,2-dimethylpropane i te taimaha kotahi rāpoi me te C5H12 tātai matū, engari te matū me ngā āhuatanga tinana rerekē ratou: te ira whakakoero haunga 129,7 ° C me haunga te 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C pokarekare, a 9,5 ° C, aua. Poinanaha māmā ki te tomo ki tauhohe matū atu te hanganga noa o te waiwaro me te taua maha o ngota C.

āhuatanga matū Angamaheni o waiwaro - he tauhohenga whakauru, e ngā kōnakonakotanga sulfonation ranei. Ko te tauhohenga o te māota ki parawini e te tikanga tuwhena i raro i te mana o te wera te marama ranei hanga mewaro chlorinated: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane me te waro tetrachloride CCl4. A, no te i raro i te marama UV, kua whiwhi waiwaro tahi sulfonation te pūhau sulfonyl: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-Cl + HCl. E whakamahia ēnei matū i roto i te hanga surfactant.