Āhuatanga Physicochemical o hau tūturu. Production me te whakamahi o te kapuni

Ko te āhua haurehu waihā o mea - te noa tino whakaritea ki ētahi atu tawhā hononga whakahiato. I muri i te katoa, i roto i tenei āhua:

• whetu;
• wāhi interstellar;
• te ao;
• kōhauhau;
• te hanganga rite te katoa.

Ko te āhuatanga e mōhiotia matua o hau - he ngoikore taunekeneke intermolecular i roto i te wini whakakahokaho karaihe, no te mea o nei e whakaaturia me nga āhuatanga matua katoa o enei matū. Gas, o te akoranga, nui atu. Heoi, whakaaro tatou te nui tino me te tuatoru tino noa i runga i to tatou paraneta - he taiao.

hau Natural: Composition

Ki te tohu i te hanganga kounga o te hau māori, he mea e tika ana ki te tohatoha tonu wāhanga o e rua ngā rōpū: organic me inorganic. No te mea ahakoa kei te riro te reira e te tito reira o mewaro, engari e kore te mea pono tenei.

wāhanga Organic ngā:

• mewaro - CH _4;
• pōwaro - C ₃ H _8;
• pūwaro - C ₄ H _10;
• ewaro - C ₂ H _4;
• waiwaro taimaha ki tau waro nui ake i rima.

wāhanga pararopi ngā te pūhui e whai ake nei:

• hauwai (i roto i te moni iti) - H _2;
• hauhā - CO _2;
• haumāmā - e kore e;
• hauota - N _2;
• sulfide hauwai - H ₂ S.

He aha rite ko te hanganga o te ranunga ngā tei runga i te pūtake, i.e. putunga. Ko te taua take me ngā āhuatanga physico-matū ngā o te hau tūturu. Heoi, tangohia tetahi tetahi o ratou te me te uara hoki e tetahi. whakamahia Just etahi ahua e rite te wahie, me te kaha poke ke rawa whakamahia ngako e i roto i te ahumahi matū mo te kōtuitui o ngā pūhui.

āhuatanga Physicochemical o hau tūturu

Hei whakapūtā enei tawhā rite, kia mohio koe rite ki ta te hanganga o te ranunga hau. I muri i te katoa, ki te kaha te nuinga te mewaro (97%) i reira, e taea te aia nga āhuatanga, arahina i runga i a ia.

Ki te te wāhanga pararopi ranei te waiwaro taimaha i roto i te taikaha (ki runga, ki te maha ōrau), i te āhuatanga physico-matū o te huringa hau koimutu.

Na reira, e taea te tohua anake te tawhā rohe āwhiwhiwhi i runga i ngā āhuatanga tinana.

1. pāmahana pātīmata noa - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. Ko te tau wāwaro - 120-130.
3. He kahore tae, reka, me te kakara.
4. Mama atu i te hau tata 2-puninga, ngāwari ki te aro i roto i te ruma i runga.
5. Ko te kiato o te āhua tonu (hau) - 0,68-0,85 kg / m ^3.
6. I raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa, kia tonu i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā o te whakawhāititanga.
7. A, no te i konatunatua ki te rangi i roto i rahinga o 5-15% ko reira he mōrearea pahū.
8. uara Calorific - e pā ana ki 46 MJ / m ^3.

I tua atu, kia tuhia ai me matū tawhā hau taha.

1. Ko reira tino combustible, nehenehe o te whaiaro whakakā-ka tono korakora, me kahore reira i te tetahi pāmahana.
2. Mai te wāhanga matua - mewaro, e kua katoa o ona āhuatanga matū.
3. Tomo i roto i te tauhohenga whakauru, te whakamamaetia pyrolysis dehydrogenation hakoko.
4. Kōpeke, ka liquefied i pāmahana iti me faaheporaa mā'olunga.

Ko reira kitea e whakatau i ngā āhuatanga physico-matū pērā o te hau i te whānuitanga o te whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi whānui.

Ko te āhuatanga motuhake o te hau tūturu

Ko te āhuatanga motuhake o enei pūhui - ko te kaha ki te hanga i putunga hau hydrate, e ko, i roto i te āhua mārō. Ēnei ngā hanganga tohu he awa ki o ngā rāpoi ngota wai whenumi i roto i te rōrahi o te kapuni i roto i te ōwehenga o 1/220. Na reira, kei te tino taonga i roto i ngā momo enei putunga. Places o ratou kukū i roto i te āhua:

• pallets papa hohonu o te moana;
• haaputuputuraa o te permafrost.

Here o te oraraa - te pēhanga hydrodynamic me iti pāmahana.

Gas-mara

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te ihirangi o te hau māori i roto i te āhua, he reira taea ki te tautuhi i te wāhanga matua o te kukū:

1. Tenei waipara maunga, kohuke, i hanga e te maha tauatini pirau anaerobic o mea waro i roto i te papa hohonu o te kirinuku.
2. Rewa i roto i te manawa whenua.
3. Kei roto i te hinu, hanga hinu me te hau pōtae ki runga reira.
4. Puta te reira i roto i te puka o hydrates hau i roto i te papa o te moana, me ngā tino raki.

Ki te rawea, tatou te tohatoha o putunga fakasiokālafi hau, nga kau taki o nga whenua e whai ake nei:

• Russia.
• whenua Gulf.
• US.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Katatānga.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• Norway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

Production i roto i te ao, ko te tau āhua 3,643 trillion m ³ ia tau. O enei, anake pūkete Russia 673 460 000 000 m ^3.

Ko te pāmahana o te hau māori, te wahi e tahuna ai, he 650 ⁰ C. Ko, te tere i te mea te reira e taea ki te whaiaro whakakā-. tuku tenei he nui nui o te wera atu i roto i te ngingiha o tetahi atu wahie. Noatia, e kore i taea e tenei pā te hōkai o te whakamahi o te taonga.

Ko te aha e rave rahi whenua kahore e e whai rāhui hau tūturu, whai ki te kawemai i te reira i te tahi atu whenua. Kawe whakamana i roto i te maha ngā huarahi:

• i te paipa i roto i te puka haurehu waihā;
• i roto i te tāke o ara moana - i roto i te puka wai;
• i roto i te waka tank tereina - LPG.

Ia o nga huarahi kua ona huapai me ngā huakore. I roto i ngā, kōwhiringa haumaru moana me te tereina, mai te tauhohenga o te hau liquefied te matao o roto i ipurau he nui i raro i te kāwanatanga haurehu waihā i roto i. faarahi hoki te paipa whānuitanga tuku me ona pukapuka, i roto i te tua, ko te öhanga painga tenei tikanga.

Mewaro i roto i te hanganga o te hau tūturu

Mewaro hau ko te wāhanga rauemi raw nui i roto i te hanganga o te ranunga tūturu. awhe tōna ihirangi i 70-98%. I tahaki, he toru te hau ao tino noa e tomo te tenei hanganga hinu, o te wāhi interstellar, te huru o te tahi atu aorangi.

Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū, te mewaro hau - kukū pūwaro, e pā ana ki te raupapa o pūhui tīmeka kukū. Ko te māngai tuatahi o waiwaro paraffins ranei. He iti tona tauhohenga, he reira tino marino. Taea ki te tauhohe:

• whakauru;
• hāora oti;
• faafariuraa.

Mārō wāhi paowa te huitahi, kua kahore kakara.

Ngā momo o hau tūturu

E toru ngā momo matua o te taonga i roto i te pātai.

1. hau māori maroke - ko tetahi i roto i nei neke atu i te 97% mewaro. Ko, te ihirangi o poke, tae atu te tahi atu waiwaro, he tino iti.
2. Te hau hiroki. Na ka karangatia e ranunga kei roto i te nui iti o waiwaro taimaha.
3. hau tūturu Taekaha - tetahi e he taonga i roto i waiwaro taimaha me wāhanga pararopi (hauota, hauwai, haumāmā, hauhauā, te hauhā, hauwai sulfide).

he ariā te hunga i te tau whakarea o hau maroke, ki te aromātai i te kounga o te rauemi raw i ai e huaina i te hua hua. I muri i te katoa, kapuni iho - ko reira te turanga anake. Hoki Me rerekē ahumahi ratou hua, na te tino tukatuka reira, ka horoia i roto i runga i te whakaritenga motuhake.

te kounga o ngā hua

Ko tika ti'aturi i runga i te hanganga kounga hau Natural. Ki te kaha mewaro, katahi ka waiho tenei hua te pai rite te puna o te wahie. Ki te, Heoi, ko te nuinga i roto i te hanganga o waiwaro fatty, taua rauemi raw mo te ahumahi matū - ko te tika tino.

Hei tuku hau o te kounga pai, i reira he otaota matū motuhake, kei hea te ata horoia reira i mua i te tukatuka atu, ka tonoa ki te ūnga whakamutunga. ka whakawhirinaki Methods o mahi i runga i te whakaaro mo i te tikanga te hua te.

Hei tauira, ki te ka te whakamahia reira no te mau opuaraa kāinga, ka reira kua tapiritia matū motuhake, odorants, pērā i mercaptans. meatia tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te whai, kua riro te haunga o te hau, no te mea ka i roto i te take o te leakage ka waiho mea ohie ki te kitea. mercaptans katoa i te kakara titohea.

Ko te whakamahi o te hau tūturu

kawea te kohi o te kapuni e i roto i roto i maha ahumahi me ngā. Hei tauira:

• Chp.
• ruma kōhua.
• engines Gas.
• production matū (hanga o kirihou me ētahi atu rawa).
• Fuel mō waka.
• Whakawera o whare.
• Cooking.

Na reira, he nui te hanga o ngā rauemi mata ao, a kua tata kawemai me tāwāhi i pirioni o tāra.

Ko te āhuatanga taiao

Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te viivii mo te āhua e kore pai pūtake wahie atu hau māori. whakahaere taiao tautoko tino ona whakamahi. Heoi, i roto i nga tau tata nei, arata'i ngingiha hau ki te haaputuputuraa o tetahi o nga hua tauhohe - te hauhā.

A, kia rite pā reira ki haurehu kati kōtuhi, he tino kino te ao o tona kahui. Na reira whakahaere maha mahi, kaupapa mo te tiaki o te kāwanatanga kaiao o te ao i te kati kōtuhi hāparangi.