Composition, wāhanga, hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te anga matawhenua o te whenua

Whakatutukinga i roto i te mara o te seismology homai e fa'ahinga he nui atu tona mohio o te whenua, me nga papa o nei te titoa ai. Ia paparanga he ona ake āhuatanga, hanganga me ngā āhuatanga e pā te tukanga taketake i roto i te ao. Te hanganga, te hanganga, me ngā āhuatanga i whakaritea e tona anga matawhenua wāhanga matua.

Māngai o te whenua i ngā wā rerekē

Mai nga wa onamata, kua rapu te iwi ki te mahino te hanganga me te hanganga o te whenua. i pono nga whakapae tuatahi natula kore-pūtaiao i roto i te puka o ngā pūrākau kupu tito a fakalotu whai wāhi mai atua ranei. I roto i te wā o te tawhito, me te anotau Middle reira i rave rahi ariā e pā ana ki te takenga mai o te ao, me tona hanganga tika. Ko te ariā matamua ko te whenua i roto i te puka o te poi papatahi te kupiki ranei. Kua i roto i te BC rau 6, ka anga nga philosopho Kariki ki tautohe e ko mau te whenua a tawhio noa, me te tito o kohuke me konganuku. hanga te whakaaro i roto i te rau tau 16, Edmund Halley e ngā te whenua o ao concentric, a roto he tuwhera. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19, wāhi keri me te revolution ahumahi ki te whanaketanga tere o pūtaiao te whenua. I kitea te reira e kua whakaritea ngā toka i roto i te tikanga o to ratou hanganga i roto i te wa. I te wa ano, ka anga ki te ite e taea te whakaritea te tau o nga matatoka i te wāhi arowhenua o te tirohanga tohunga pūtaiao me Naturalists.

Investigation o hanganga matū me te arowhenua

Te hanganga me te āhuatanga o te anga matawhenua rerekē i te tahi atu papa i te hanganga matū me te papawhenua, me i reira he rerekētanga nui i roto i te pāmahana me te pēhanga. māramatanga pūtaiao o nāianei o te hanganga ā-o te whenua i runga i waeua i hanga e te tikanga o te aroturuki rū, tahi ki te inenga o mara tō me te autō. Na roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, hanga te whanaketanga o teití radiometric, whakamahia nei te ki te whakatau i te tau o ngā kohuke, me te toka, te reira taea ki te whiwhi raraunga tika atu e pā ana ki te pono tau o te whenua, i te mea e pā ana ki 4-4.5 piriona tau. whai wāhi hoki te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hou o te maina me konganuku utu nui, me te he tipu mōhiotanga o te faufaa o kohuke me ratou tohatoha tūturu ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te arowhenua hou, tae atu mōhiotanga e pā ana ki i paparanga he wahi o te kōpaki matawhenua o te whenua.

Te hanganga me te āhuatanga o te kōpaki matawhenua

Geosfera ngā ōnuku, totohu āhua tekau kiromita hohonu runga ake te taumata moana, me te kirinuku o te kōhauhau, te whakawhānui ki te teitei o 30 kiromita. Ko te anga tawhiti rahi rerekē e wha tekau kiromita. Kei te faaruru tēnei kahu i te pānga o rua tukanga whenua, me te rangi. kitea matū i roto i te āhua tinana e toru, a kia kia titoa o iti matūriki pūmotu pērā i ngota, katote me ngā rāpoi ngota engari ano ngā maha atu hanganga multicomponent. Ko te hanganga o te anga matawhenua te nuinga o te wā whakaaro rite te hapori o ari tūturu me pāpori. Wae kōpaki matawhenua kanohi rite kohatu i roto i o te whenua kirinuku, hau, te wai, te oneone me te biogeocoenoses.

āhuatanga āhuatanga o te kahu o

Te hanganga me te āhuatanga o te anga matawhenua whakapae he maha o ngā āhuatanga nui. Enei ko: tapatahi, huringa o mea, manawataki me te whanaketanga tamau.

1. takoto ana te tapatahi e te putanga o haere tonu ka pākia me te pūngao, me te huinga o nga wae katoa honotanga ratou i roto i te kotahi rauemi wahi, te wahi i te huringa o tetahi o nga hononga kia arahi ki huringa ao i roto i ētahi atu katoa.
2. āhuatanga anga Wehewehe e he mea tohanga huringa, pērā i kōhauhau me te moana tohanga o ngā mata. E haere tahi tukanga atu matatini e te huringa i roto i te hanganga whakahiato o te mea (huringa wai). I roto i te tahi atu huringa i huringa matū o mea, te huringa koiora pera-ka karanga ranei.
3. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o te anga, ko tona manawataki, e ko, te tāruarua i te wa o ngā tukanga me ari. Kei te meinga te reira i te nuinga i te pai ai o ope arorangi me te arowhenua. He ungeri 24-haora (ra, me te po), ungeri ā-tau (taima), ungeri puta hoki he rau (hei tauira, huringa-tau 30 i roto i nei i reira he rerekētanga i roto i te āhuarangi, kōpaka, taumata roto me te rōrahi o te awa). He ara ungeri puta mō ngā rau tau (hei tauira, tauutuutu wāhanga o āhuarangi hauhautanga me te takawai ki te wāhanga wera, me te maroke, puta kotahi i roto i 1800-1900 tau). kia muri ungeri arowhenua i 200 ki te 240 miriona tau, a pera i runga i.
4. Te hanganga me te āhuatanga o te anga matawhenua tika hono ki te whanaketanga tonu.

whanaketanga tonu

Kei reira ētahi āhuatanga o te hua, me te whanaketanga tonu. Tuatahi, i reira ko te wehenga rohe o nga fenua, moana, me te moana. I runga i tenei i puta ke whakaawe tauira mokowā o hanganga matawhenua, tae atu taurohenga matawhenua, me te altitudinal. Tuarua, i reira he whakakitea he karawhiti neke i roto i te oraraa o ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te tuakoi Northern ko Tonga. Kei te whakakitea tenei, hei tauira, i roto i te tohatoha o mau fenua me ngā moana, rohe āhuarangi, te hanganga o otaota me ngā momo kararehe me ngā takotoranga whenua me whenua. Te toru, te whanaketanga i roto i te kahu o te tühonohono te ki te heterogeneity mokowā, me te taiao. te mutunga arata'i tenei ki te meka e i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te taumata rerekē o te hātepe whanaketanga taea te kitea te wā kotahi. Hei tauira, te tawhito tau tio i roto i ngā wāhanga ngā o te ao timata a mutu i ngā wā rerekē. I roto i etahi wāhanga o te āhuarangi tūturu riro atu takawai, i roto i ētahi atu i reira he he pikitia tino ritenga.

lithosphere

Hanganga anga matawhenua ngā te wāhanga pērā i te lithosphere. He mea pakeke, wahi waho o te whenua, te whakawhānui ki te hohonu o e pā ana ki 100 kiromita. Tenei paparanga Kei te kirinuku, me te koroka o runga. paparanga te whenua tino roa, me te totoka e pā ana ki te wā pērā i mahi nekeneke. Kei te wehea te lithosphere ki 15 nui tuapapa: te Te Tai Tokerau American, Karipiana, South American, Kotimana, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arapi, African, Indian, Philipino, Ahitereiria, Kiwa, Juan de Fuca, te Nazca me Cocos. Composition Earth anga matawhenua i roto i aua wāhi āhuatanga e te aroaro o ngā momo rerekē o toka o lithosphere me koroka cortical. āhuatanga kirinuku Lithospheric e te kāhuarau kanapa gabbro continental me moana. Kei raro i taua rohe, i roto i te koroka o runga puta toka peridotite nuinga ngā o ngā kohuke Olivine me pyroxene.

taunekeneke o wāhanga

Ko te hanganga o te kōpaki matawhenua ngā whā kahu o tūturu: te lithosphere, ōnuku, huru me te ao koiora. evaporates wai i te moana, me moana, neke nga hau te rere o te hau ki runga ki te whenua, i reira e hanga e, ka taka rerenga, e hoki ki nga moana i roto i te huarahi rerekē. Ko te huringa o te kingitanga huawhenua koiora ko ki te tahuri te inorganics ki organics. I muri i te whakangaromanga o ngā kaiao ora, kua hoki mai ngā matū pararopi ki kirinuku o te whenua āta puta ki inorganic.

Ko te āhuatanga tino nui

Āhuatanga cover matawhenua:

1. Ko te taea o te rokiroki pūngao me te faafariuraa o te marama solar.
2. Ko te aroaro o te pūngao noa e hiahiatia ana mo te momo nui o ngā tukanga māori.
3. Ko te kaha ahurei ki te whakaputa i kanorau koiora, me te mahi rite taiao mō te ora.
4. ngā āhuatanga cover matawhenua he momo nui o ngā huānga matū.
5. mai Energy e rua i te wāhi me te i te whekau hohonu o te whenua.

Ko te ahurei o te kōpaki matawhenua ko e i te komititanga o te lithosphere, huru me te wai ōnuku i roto i te ora organic. Ko reira konei me ki reira i tonu te whakawhanake i te hapori tangata katoa, mā te whakamahi i te rauemi e tika ana mo ratou oranga. hipokina takotoranga Wehewehe te ao katoa, na huaina reira ko matatini planetary kei toka tito kirinuku, hau me te wai, te oneone, me te kanorau koiora nui.