Papa paraharaha, Lithospheric: te ariā o mau api lithospheric

Ko te ariā o paraharaha lithospheric - tetahi o te ngā tino i roto i te pūtaiao matawhenua. Kei te ora ano - (nukupapa te kore), kotahi wareware, inaianei, whakawhetai ki te kitea o autō kōhikohiko amo ki tauutuutu tohu, e he tupuke waenganui-moana hangarite (ratou toki), te magnetization tuatahi, me te te huringa mo te wā o te tūranga pou autō whakapae mobilism.

haamauraa toutou o te ariā o te roha o te papa moana me nga toki o tupuke waenganui-moana ki ngā wāhi piringa i whiwhi kua i roto i te akoranga o te maha nga tau o te rangahau, me rite ki te hua o te kōhao hohonu-wai. whai nui ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga o te whakaaro o paparahi tere (mobilism) i hanga mau aivanaa no. Na roto i to ratou rangahau, ko reira taea ki te whakamārama i te tukanga mō te tohatoha o ngā rohe rū i runga i te mata o te whenua. tahuri te reira i roto i taua he whānui, engari tino kuiti ēnei wāhanga: he tata ki te pewa matua ratou, me nga tawhē o fenua me tupuke waenga-moana.

ariā nukupapa

Tenei mobilism whakapae i huaina "Plate tectonics". e kore e pera nui ratou - he katoa o waru nui me te hawhe tatini hunga iti. Kei te hoki i huaina te whakamutunga microplates. Ko te pereti nui kei roto i te Pacific, he reira he kikokore, ngāwari permeable kirinuku moana. I roto i te Indo-Ahitereiria, Antarctic, African, South American, Te Tai Tokerau American me mau api Eurasian kirinuku continental. papa paraharaha, Lithospheric whai rohe rerekē (taha), ka oho āta puta noa te mata o te ao. A, no te mahuetanga i te mau api lithospheric, he kë nga taha: Horo atu, puka pereti rohe amahamaharaa (kapiti), e manako ana i te taonga koroka. I runga i te mata raro, whakapakeketia ana e ia, me te puta buildup kirinuku moana. He hou katoa, me te rauemi koroka hou whangai ki te rohe pe'ape'ai, fakalahi reira me hanga nga papa paraharaha, neke hea neke ratou motu, i hanga te moana, a ka e tipu tonu ona āhuatanga. Tenei momo o rohe tenei ra i reira i te toki o tupuke waenganui-moana, me te amahamaharaa whakaritea kapiti.

E hanga e rohe convergent ina ūngutungutu te mau api crustal. Ki te whakatata ratou tetahi ki tetahi i roto i ngā rohe whakapā puta tukanga tino matatini, i roto i nei e rua kaipūtaiao taketake tohaina. Ko te tuatahi o enei ko e te tutukinga o te mau papaa parau raurarahi me aumoana tetahi o ratou totohu ki te koroka, a kua haere tahi ai i whawhati me te warping. I roto i te rohe tūtukitanga o ru hohonu-arotahi puta. I muri i pereti whakapā ki te koroka, kei te wahi rewa reira: ona wāhanga marama tino i muri ngohe ano ara ki te mata, hoko hū. He wāhanga apiapi āta totohu ki te koroka, kua tuku iho ki raro, ki te rohe matua. Te reira i te kupu i hanga mowhiti Kiwa o te ahi.

A, no te puta e rua papa paraharaha, continental ridging. Ka taea te kite i tēnei i te huka, te floes tio, a atu anga ia atu, razdrablivayutsya. A, no te tutuku i te mau api crustal, e kōpeke ratou, me ngā hanganga maunga nui e hanga e i te taha.

Ko te ariā o paraharaha lithospheric

Na roto i tau, me te maha kitenga, whakapumautia Geophysics tere toharite o te kaupapa o te mau papaa parau lithospheric. Te wāhi i hanga i roto i te tukinga Hindustan me papa paraharaha, African ki te paraharaha Eurasian Alpine-Himalayan whitiki auau kōpeketanga o pūtahitanga ko waenganui i 0.6 cm / yr i roto i te Himalayas ko Pamir me 0.5 cm / tau i roto i Gibraltar.

kitea te ariā o ngaahi peleti lithospheric e neke atu i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau Europe i te tere o e pā ana ki te 5 cm / tau. Ko te "rā" o Antarctica i Ahitereiria i pā ana ki 14 cm / tau. Ko te tere rawa o te mau papaa parau moana - e 4-7 nga wa ki runga ake i te tere continental ratou. Fastest - te pereti Kiwa me te pōturi - Eurasian.