Chemical tine huānga. Āhuatanga me tono o te tine

Ia huānga matū i roto i te pūnaha wā, ka whakaakona them matū ohie, me te matatini e ahurei. E ratou āhuatanga ahurei, me te tokomaha e hanga undeniably nui takoha ki te ora te tangata, me te oraraa i roto i te whānui. No okotahi me te tine huānga matū.

Te whakauru i te iwi ki te whakarewa haere hoki ki te tawhito. Tenei huānga matū kua kairau a te wāhi tino hira i roto i te whanaketanga o te ao tangata ki tenei ra e whānui āhuatanga tine whakamahia.

Tin i roto i te hītori

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o tenei whakarewa, e kua, rite whakaaro i mua iwi, ara etahi o nga āhuatanga mīharo taea te kitea i roto i te tuhinga Bibilia. Critical ki te whakapai ake i te ora o te tine takaro i roto i te rau tau "parahi". I te wa, koranu whakarewa tino roa e nohoia te tangata ko parahi, e taea te whiwhi te reira i roto i parahi ki te tāpiri i te tine huānga matū. Hoki e rave rahi tenetere, whakaputaina tenei rauemi katoa i taputapu, me te mutu ki te whakapaipai.

I muri i te kitea o te āhuatanga o te koranu rino-tine kore e whakamahia, o te akoranga, te kore tono ai ki te tauine taua, engari parahi, me te maha atu alloys whai wāhi te tangata i tenei ra i roto i te ahumahi, te hangarau, me te rongoā, me te tai whakarewa, hei tauira, pērā i pūhaumāota tine, i whiwhi nei e te tauhohe i tine ki māota, whewhe tenei wai i 112 degrees, pai wairewa i roto i te wai, hanga reira hydrates tioata me au paitini i roto i te rangi.

tūranga Huānga i roto i te Taka Pūmotu

Matū tine huānga (Latin ingoa stannum - «stannum" tohu tuhituhi SN) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev tika whakaritea taua rima tekau i roto i te rima o te wā. He maha ngā kanoirite, te noa tino - te kanoirite 120. Ko hoki tenei whakarewa i roto i te subgroups matua o te ono o nga rōpū, tahi ki te waro, silicon, germanium me Flerov. Ko tōna wāhi Waitohungia āhuatanga amphoteric, rite tine tūturu me te waikawa, ko nga āhuatanga taketake o e ka e whakaahuatia i raro nei i roto i te kōrero atu.

Kei hoki te Periodic Ripanga te taimaha ngota o tine, i te mea rite ki te 118,69. ² whirihoranga hiko 5s 5p ² e taea te hanganga o ngā rauemi whakarewa matatini he āhua pitihāoratanga o +2 me +4, hoatu e rua anake irahiko ki p-sublayer ranei wha me s- me p- tino te putu i te paparanga o waho katoa.

huānga āhuatanga Hiko

E ai ki te tau ngota o te ngota tine wāhi perinuclear ngā tohu e rima tekau irahiko, e whakaritea ratou i roto i rima taumata, i roto i te tahuri wahia ki te maha o taumata iti. Ko te rua tuatahi i anake te s- me p-iti-taumata, me te i te toru o reira ko te wāwāhi i takitoru ki s-, p-, r-.

Fakakaukau ki he waho taumata irahiko, mai te mea te hanganga, me te whakakī i te irahiko whakatau ngota mahi matū. I roto i whakaaturia te huānga kāwanatanga unexcited te honohono, o rua, i reira he he whakawhitinga i roto i te excitation o te irahiko i sublevel s-p ki te nohoanga wātea iti-apa (e ai roto i te mōrahi o toru irahiko unpaired). I roto i tenei take, te tine, me te kua he kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga honohono - 4, mai i irahiko kahore takirua, a konei i roto i te akoranga o te ngā matū i runga i o ratou taumata iti kahore mau.

taonga whakarewa Simple me ona āhuatanga

Simple taonga tine ko e pā ana te tae hiriwa whakarewa ki te rōpū fusible. Metal ngohengohe, āhua ngāwari Nireaha ki te deformation. He maha ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te whakarewa pērā i tine. Temperature raro 13.2 degrees ko te rohe o te whakawhitinga whakarewa tine paura whakarerekē e haere tahi e te huringa o te tae i te hiriwa-ma ki te mea hina, me te heke o te kiato. rewa Tin i 231,9 nekehanga, me whewhe i 2270 degrees. whakamārama White tioata hanganga tine whakarewa tetragonal te pohrustyvanie āhuatanga ka piko me te whakawera i roto i te wahi i te waku kōpapa taonga karaihe ki tetahi ki tetahi. tine hina he syngony pūtoru.

āhuatanga matū tine whai ngako rua, tomo te reira e rua tauhohenga waikawa me te taketake, e whakaatu ana amphoteric. tauhohe te whakarewa ki kawakore, me te waikawa pērā i pungatara me te waikawa hauota, he kaha i roto i te tauhohe ki te kōnakonako.

alloys tine

Aha pinepine whakamahia hei utu o alloys whakarewa parakore ki te tetahi ōrau o te wae Pākēha? Ko te take i te āhuatanga tūturu o te koranu, kahore e nei i te whakarewa takitahi, ranei enei āhuatanga e nui nui (hei tauira, te kawe, ātete ki te waikura, passivation whakahohenga o nga āhuatanga tinana, me te matū o te konganuku ranei, ki te aha e tika ana). Tin (whakaatu whakaahua i te tauira o te whakarewa parakore) he wāhanga o alloys maha. Ka taea te whakamahi i te reira hei rauemi tāpiri turanga ranei.

I tēnei wā, i reira te mea he nui nui o te koranu whakarewa, tine (te utu mo ratou rerekē whānui), titiro ki te tino rongonui, me te whakamahia (te whakamahi o etahi alloys ka haere i te reira ki te wāhanga e tika ana). I roto i te whānui, alloys stannuma i te āhuatanga e whai ake nei: te ukanga tiketike, iti ira whakakoero, he pakeke iti me te kaha.

Ētahi tauira o alloys

• Ko te koranu o te tine, me te mata ki etahi dopants (kakano, parahi, cadmium, konutea, hiriwa, indium) - te tūhoto tine pera-ka karanga, me kia te ōrau o te stannuma reira hoki ngā āhuatanga hononga pai 49-51 59-61 ōrau ranei. whakarite Bond kaha hanganga o te otinga totoka o te tine titia ki ngā mata whakarewa.
• Garth - he koranu o tine, mata me te kakano - ko te pūtake o te waituhi typographical (i te mea he aha e kore te reira tūtohu ki te roropi kai i roto i te niupepa, ki te ārai i tomo ki o ngä nohanga hiahiatia o enei metara).
• Babbit - he tine koranu, mata, parahi, me te kakano - kua āhuatanga e iti waku, ātete kākahu tiketike.
• He koranu o te indium-tine - rauemi fusible, e he refractoriness tūturu, te waikura resistance me te kaha nui.

Ko te pūhui māori tino nui

Tin hanga he raupapa o pūhui taiao - tokahuke. Te whakarewa 24 puka he pūhui kohuke, te nui tino mo te ahumahi he tine waikura - cassiterite me ioka - Cu ₂ FeSnS _4. Tine marara i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, me nga pūhui i hanga e ratou, i te takenga mai autō. Kua whakamahia hoki te ahumahi poliolovyannyh tote me te tine waikawa silicates.

Tin me te tinana tangata

Matū tine huānga ko te huānga wahi i roto i tona ihirangi ine i roto i te tinana tangata. Ko tōna tautau matua i roto i te wheua kikokiko, te wahi whakahaere ihirangi whakarewa noa te whanaketanga wā, me ona mahi whānui o te pūnaha musculoskeletal. I tua atu ki te wheua, aro tine i roto i te gastrointestinal wahi, pūkahukahu, whatukuhu, me te ngakau.

He mea nui ki te mōhio e te haaputuputuraa nui o te whakarewa e taea arahi ki te poisoning whānui o te tinana, me te ake te rongo wā roa-- ara i roto i ngā irakētanga ira kino. Aita i maoro a'e, Ko te tino hāngai tenei raruraru, kia rite ki te āhua kaiao o te taiao rau nui ki te e minaminatia. Ko te tūponotanga nui o te haurangi ki tine noho o nga pa, me ngā wāhi huri noa i te whenua ahumahi pātata. I roto i te nuinga o poisoning puta i te haaputuputuraa i roto i te tai tine pūkahukahu, pērā i pūhaumāota stannous, me ētahi atu. I te wa ano, kia tīmata wahi huānga hē te āta i roto i te tupu, rongo mate, me te huruhuru mate.

tono

Ko arumoni wātea i roto i te maha ngā tipu maitai me kamupene te whakarewa. Kei te whakaputaina te reira i roto i te puka o ingots, rakau, ipurau waea, anodes o taonga ohie parakore pērā i tine. pae te utu i 900 ki te 3000 moni ia kg.

Tine i roto i tona puka parakore te uaua whakamahia. alloys nuitia whakamahia me pūhui - tote. whakamahia tūhoto tine te i roto i te take o ngā wāhanga hononga kahore e i whai wāhi ki pāmahana teitei, me te kino pikaunga pūkaha, hanga o te parahi koranu, maitai, parahi, engari e kore e tūtohutia hoki hangaia i konumohe ona alloys ranei. Kua whakaahuatia te āhuatanga, me ngā āhuatanga o te alloys tine i roto i te wāhanga e hāngai ana.

Konuhono whakamahia hoki te tītipi tūhoto, i roto i tenei āhuatanga hoki pai alloys whakarewa hāngai pērā i tine. E whakaatu ana Whakaahua he tukanga o te tono i te koranu tine-mata. Mā te reira e taea e koe te mahi rawa kikokore.

Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te hanga o te rino tīni (tinplate) Nā ki tona ātete tiketike ki te waikura o te tine - kēne mō ngā hua kai. I roto i te rongoā, i roto i ngā i roto i te niho, whai wāhi tine hoki te raveraa i whakakī niho. Tin-hipoki brownies pipelines me e hangaia ona alloys ahunga. takoha tino taonga ki tenei mea nui, me te i roto i te engineering hiko.

E whakamahia wairewa waiwai o taua stannous tai, fluoroborates, sulphates me te pūhau rite kawehiko. waikura tine - he pīata mō okouku. Na roto i te whakataki ki kirihou me ngā rauemi waihanga o ngā pärönaki o tine ko reira taea ki te whakaiti i to ratou flammability me te faatea ia au paitini kino.