Emma Goldman - ngā tōrangapū, he anarchist: biography, pukapuka, whakatö o anarchism me Feminism

mohio Emma Gold te matenga motuhake o te FBI Edgardom Guverom "te wahine tino mōrearea i roto i Amerika." Ko wai te mea ia? He aha i hoatu e ia te īngoa o Krasnaya Emma? A me pehea kua pānga reira te kohuru o te peresideni American? tenei katoa i roto i atu taipitopito i roto i te tuhinga.

whanau

whanau Emma Goldman i roto i Russia, atu ïa i te Russian Empire. i whanau ia i roto i Lithuania, i Kaunas, Hune 27, 1869. I teie mahana, mohiotia te pa te rite Kaunas. whakaaro iti Hurai bourgeois ona matua, i roto ratou i te mira iti, i mahi rite te puna o ratou oraraa. 13 tau, no te a Emma, oho te whānau ki St Petersburg.

I roto i te whakapaipai i te wa te rongonga ora pāhoro: i nga ringa o kohuru whakamomori e rua patua Tsar Alexander II. Manarūtanga ki whakaaro pāhoro ka whakaaro runaruna huatau i roto i te iwi taitamariki. I te reira i roto i enei tau, taua whakaaro "whakapoke" Emma.

Ko te hekenga tuatahi ki te Hononga o Amerika

I 17, i heke Emma ki te United States. I roto i te Rochester (NY) timata te mahi i roto i te wheketere kahuta. I roto i te 1887 ka moea e ia kaimahi, ka riro te raraunga. Heoi, i hanga te wairua tutu ite iho: ako ia e pā ana ki te mua taronatia wha whai wāhi i roto i te ngangau i roto i Chicago, a tonu faaoti ki uru atu te kaupapa anarchist.

whakaaro tōrangapū

Noa nei, he hiahia i roto i te kotahi pātai maha iwi: he aha te kauwhautia Emma Goldman - anarchism, anarcho-Communism, anarcho-individualism, anarcho-Feminism? he reira kahore whakahoki. Emma i tetahi o te hunga e whakapono pono i roto i te mau mana'o tiketike o te manapori, manapori. E anarchism, i roto i tona tirohanga, whakakitea haere noa o whakaaro, hinengaro, kupu. Ko tōna whakatupu kino i te anga mārō o te kāwanatanga centralized, tikanga nei anake ki pononga, te tukino i etahi akomanga mo te whakaaro ki o etahi atu. Ko te āhuatanga motuhake o te "Emma Whero" i e kore i huaina e ia ki te mate mo te "whakaaro kanapa o te heke mai." I te anga ke, te ora aroha ia, aroha te whakapono ki huringa heke mai. Ona hoariri he hunga hoki e kore i ora te uara matua.

He Emma i te tahae?

Mohoa noa nei, etahi publicists me kairīpoata ui te uiraa: i reira tetahi tahae Emma? He mea ataahua ki a ia whana i roto i te 1917 i roto i Russia i runga i te poti paru tawhito? Ki te tātari koe i te reira whakaaro tata tōrangapū i roto i enei take e kore he maere. ngā tōrangapū Emma haere ki tua atu i te ahua mua katoa o te tahae. Ko te mea matua i roto i reira - ki te rumaki i ratou i roto i te whakaaro o te heke mai kanapa i roto i te whakaaro o te revolution. kore me whai ia i tetahi o ratou ngākau nuitanga, kahore mana'o, kaua he take, kahore he āpitihanga. Ahakoa moe i kia anake hei he pāhoro te apataki o te mau opuaraa hapu. Ko reira maori e kia kore hoki te feaa kau ki ahakoa hoatu e ia tona ora mo te mau mana'o kanapa heke mai.

Emma hoki kua he whakaaro tino rerekē. i whakaaro ia ka tuatahi pūkenga o te Revolution Russian: Mikhail Bakunin, Sergeya Nechaeva, Nikolaya Ogarova. Otiia kihai i Emma whakaae ki a ratou i roto i te ngakau te katoa absorption o te whakaaro hou. whakapono ahau e taua whakaaro he kahore rerekē i whakaaro peeke nui i runga i Wall Street, e te hoki tino rumakina i roto i tona mahi i runga i te tangohanga o hua. He aha faaere koe o sex, auahatanga, hari o te ora mo te revolution? e kore e hanga i te heke mai anaanaraa ko reira? Na ka aha patunga tapu ratou i teie nei?

Ua ite Emma e kahore hari tahuri te tangata ki biorobot i kararehe feruri-, i arahina ki te parekura mo te whāinga kerekere meake nei. Ona hoa ko te hunga e tika rite kihai ia ki te patu whakahere mo te whakaaro ki o te whakatupuranga kanapa heke mai. fokotu'u mai tenei katoa te pātai tūturu kotahi: ahakoa ko pono orurehau Emma? Ranei ko reira he māngai tika o te rōpū o te iwi nei i roto i te heke mai ka whai i te ingoa o "hapori ā-"?

Fighting Emma

kihai whawhai Emma Goldman mo te whakaaro waitara o "hanga i te heke mai kanapa", me mo te mea rawa mārama, me te noa e i whakaaro i roto i tahae anarchist American iti, vahavaha noa: hoki herekore fakasekisualé, whakahou o te faanahoraa o te faaipoiporaa, whakarerenga o te māperetanga me ētahi atu.

kihai i whakaaro US mana te whakatairanga o te kimi-kore "iti": i roto i te 1917 ko te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. US hoa āwhina kore anake te rauemi me te tautoko hangarau, engari tonoa ano hoki ki te mua o tona hoia. e kore e pai ki te haere ki te whawhai, i kitea te whakaaro o te whakarerenga me te sabotaging te tono tono mahi Ameliká noa. whakaaro reira mahi Emma i roto i tenei wā o te wā mōrearea. I roto i te 1917, ka tono tangata ia, a he tokomaha atu mua ki Russia, i reira i taua wa i kua kawea i roto i te Great Oketopa Revolution.

Māngi atu i te Hau Amui no Marite i te kaipuke, me te titiro i tawhiti i te Statue o Liberty, e ai ta Emma, "ka ko whakakake o te haere noa o korero, tirohanga motuhake tenei whenua, engari i whakahekea e ahau mo reira."

Tae i roto i Russia

Ko te ara ki to tatou whenua faauruhia Emma. whakaaro ia Soviet Russia i whakanuia whenua, e kia whakaatu i te ao i te tauira. e kia tetahi ki te hinga i te taua kingitanga Russian kaha i raro i nga whiu o nga ope pāhoro, e kore te toenga o te whenua rawa pato'ii te. He mohio Emma te āhua pono o ngā take i roto i te Soviet Russia, rere i runga i te kaipuke? Unknown. Na roto i tenei wa, Lenin me nga mua i roa tu motu i nga ope pāhoro katoa ka mau te mana, i tonoa ki te whare herehere maha mua me tahae pāpori. Kua tīmata kē te reira "hopu" o ana ngā mema rōpū hoa o te parirau Menshevik.

Hui ki a Lenin

tutaki Emma Goldman maha tahae i roto i to tatou whenua. haere ahau ki te haere ki ara te anarchist Nestor Makhno, engari ia mahara rawa hui ki V. I. Leninym. Te reira i puta ke tino te huru o te Emma Whero ki te Russian Revolution. Emma ko Vladimir Ilyich kihai i rite ki tetahi ki tetahi. Ko te rangatira o te revolution Russian, me te kore whakaaro e pā ana ki reira, engari "wahine tino mōrearea Amerika o," whakaaro o tona onge, engari ki te urukehu kino. Emma ongo'i e hoatu te revolution te ao he tauira o te manapori, haere noa o korero, karakia, me ētahi atu Heoi, kupu a Lenin rawa ke tenei tirohanga :. Lenin i te hui ka mea e te bourgeois noa tenei katoa mana'o hape.

I roto i te meka, te rangatira Bolshevik, ka mea faautuaraa i e te mau ohipa toto i roto i to tatou whenua, e kore anake e kore i te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o te kaimahi katoa, engari, i runga i te anga ke, anake pōhara kē. Wehi me te wehi - ko te mau mana'o matua o te ora hou enei. Noatia, e kore i taea e Emma tautoko tenei. Ia i muri i tuhituhi o Lenin e "mohio ia me pehea ki te tākaro i runga i nga ngoikoretanga o te whakapati tangata, tohu me mētara. noho ahau papu e taea e ia te whakatutuki i muri ratou mahere ki te pehea o ratou. " Ko reira he oto ko Lenin, me nga mana'o o te Russian Revolution.

whakahekenga hoki

I 1921, i reira ko he mea ihoa: Emma tonoa e kaipuke hoki ki te wahi i mua i whakahekea ai - i roto i te United States. Ko te taua te take: kihai ia ki te pupuri i ata noho.

I te tau 1924 whakaputaina e ia tona pukapuka "toku Tōnoá i Russia." E whakaatu ana ia pehea i fakamātoato, e korero te pono anake tenei wahine, kihai i tōrangapū whai wāhi. No tetahi i taea whakapangia o te pirau, tiaki ngākau nuitanga o te tangata. Oia mau, Ko te tuatahi te whakatairanga o anarchism i roto i te United States. I muri i te whakahekea ki Russia kihai i whawhai ia ki te "Te Hau-ā-uru ino." I te anga ke, kitenga he āhuatanga noa kino o te iwi i roto i Russia i muri i te Revolution, ka anga ia ki te tiaki i te mau parau tumu manapori o te Te Hau-ā-uru, mo ia, ka tonoa hoki.

Ko te ahua o te pukapuka "taku Tōnoá i Russia" ngakaukore i tokomaha ona hoa, leftist. kihai i Emma tiaki. Ko te mea matua, whakaaro ia - ki te korero iwi te pono, ka, he aha e whakapono koutou. Hei tinihangatia ratou me ētahi atu mo te whakaaro ki o hiahia, rangitahi kau kihai i kāhua ia.

Ko te kohuru o McKinley

whakaaro to'utangata o Emma tona whai wāhi autaki i roto i te kohuru o te peresideni American. Heoi, he rota o maioro i te aamu.

mate 25 US te peresideni William McKinley i runga i Mahuru 14, 1901. Ko te putanga e pā ana ko e whai ake: e kore e taea e te upoko o te kāwanatanga akakoromaki i te mau hopearaa o te kōhurutanga. Mahuru 5, 1901, "i muri i whakarongo ki ngā whaikōrero a ahi Emma Goldman," koperea rua anarchist ngakau nui Leon Frank Leon Horokohe i Exhibition Pan-American o te peresideni i roto i Buffalo.

tāpiritanga ke

e kore te mea pera ohie te kohuru o te peresideni American i roto i 1901.

Tuatahi, ko te tiaki mahi maere roa. Tuatahi, kī te tokotoko e kore te mea kite i tetahi iwi hihira. Na te tai'oraa i huringa: tu Leon Horokohe mō te tupu rahi tu'ati pango, nei au ra ki a ratou kino. Na he aha e kore e ratou kite te pū i roto i te ringa o te anarchist ki a ia? E te ara, ko tenei te hāwini whāpāharehia Leon Horokohe whakatangi ki te matenga ki tona ringa i muri i te rua o te pere.

Tuarua, te maere ngā heke mai. kihai i te peresideni mate tonu. I tua atu, kī hoa me whanaunga e ka ora ia, kei runga i te tapitapi. Mahuru 13, reo whakatangi 1901 press e tīmata McKinley ki te kai kai maro, ka ora ia hohoro, ko Mahuru 14, ohorere mate te peresideni.

I muri i tona matenga, ka ia mahi peresideni Teodor Ruzvelt, i te mea he taahiraa kihai i haere i te peresideni turoro. A iti i muri mai, e riro ia te tangata tuatahi o te kāwanatanga.

mahi tōrangapū Last Emma

Na e te tenei Emma Goldman? Haurongo o tenei wahine homai uri ki te matau he aha te mea te reira - he tauira ora o whakaaro te manawanui, whakaritenga. iwi katoa i runga i te tau ki te taui i to ratou huru ki etahi mea, tauākī, whakaaro reira he ngoikore rangitahi kau, mau fetia, me etahi atu. E kore te mea Emma hoki mutu he momeniti ki te whakapono ratou mau fâ ara ka whakama i roto i te Russian Revolution. i oti rawa ona tau whakamutunga ia ano ia ki te pakanga tōrangapū: i roto i te 1936, haere ki Spain ki te tautoko i te mua Spanish i roto i te Pakanga Kaiākiri i te taha o te kāwanatanga Republican.

More ora, e kore ia e hoki mai ki tona whenua tuarua. Haratua 14, mate 1940 Emma o te ikura roro. Tona fakapapau ki te tanu ki te pere e tata ana te mua i roto i Chicago, no te mea o nei timata tona pakanga mo te hapori pai.