Engineering Mechanical i Ukraine: te ahumahi me ngā nāianei

Mechanical Engineering o Ukraine kua tuku iho i whakaaro te rängai ārahi me te locomotive o te ōhanga. Tenei e hāngai te nui hinonga tiketike-tech motokā me te rererangi engineering, metallurgy, pūngao, ahumahi korero me ētahi atu mara.

Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi

haamata te reira i te aamu o te engineering aunoa i Ukraine i te rau tau XIX. Ko te whanaketanga o putunga waro nui i roto i te Donets Basin me te whanaketanga o te metallurgy hiahiatia te whakamahi o te mīhini ahumahi, taputapu, whakarewa. Hoki te ahuwhenua, i hiahia hoki reira taputapu pai me mechanization kanohi.

whakatuwheratia te wheketere tuatahi o mihini ahuwhenua i roto i te tau 1840 i roto i Mlieve. hinonga nui ko Alexandrovsky Plant i Ekaterinoslav (inaianei Dnepropetrovsk), Plant Hughes i Donetsk tipu "Dnipro" i roto i Kamensky (inaianei Dnipropetrovsk), toa locomotive i Kharkov me Lugansk. I mua i te revolution i roto i te katoa putanga ahumahi o te Empire Russian, ko wahi o Ukraine 25%.

riro Manawa mīhini New Ukraine ki te haerenga mai o te mana Soviet. I roto i te rohe i haumi te rota o te moni kua i roto i te hanga o hinonga nui. .. I roto i ngā, i te Kharkov mīhini huri hiko Plant (1929), te Kharkov Tractor Plant (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Plant (1934), Kiev whakato Armoured (1935), muri te whawhai, i etc. kua nui te ahunga whakamua nui-tech ahumahi engineering: Aviation, tākirirangi wāhi, automotive, ahumahi korero, engineering taimaha, hanga taputapu me ētahi atu.

āhuatanga General

Tenei ia o te whanaketanga o te engineering aunoa i Ukraine korero e pā ana ki te huringa tuwhena, me te whakariterite anō o te hanganga katoa o te ahumahi. Ki te puipuitua o whanaunga ki Russia (i mua i te hoa matua) me te roha o te whai wāhitanga kaweake ki Europe i hinonga nui puta rite raruraru ki te kaweake o ngā hua tuku iho, me te tahi mau opuaraa o te whänui o te hanga i roto i te heke mai.

Ki te pātai "Te whakaahua i te ahumahi engineering o hanganga Ukraine" i te whakahoki tangohia. Machine-hanga matatini o Ukraine ngā neke atu i te 20 manga motuhake, 58 iti-manga. I roto i te meka, i roto i te whenua māngai momo ngā katoa o engineering. E ai ki whika e pā ana, 11.267 kamupene rēhita i roto i te hanganga 146 o te mea nui, 1834 - toharite, me 9287 - iti. kaimahi te hanganga e pā ana ki 1.5 miriona kaimahi e.

putanga Analysis

E ai ki te Komiti State Tatauranga, te hanga o te mīhini-hanga matatini i roto i te 2011-2013, ki te whakamārama o te ahumahi katoa e whai ake nei (titiro ki te ripanga.)

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, i mua i te raruraru o 2014 i reira ko tetahi hekenga o te hanga rōrahi o te rāngai i te 10 ki te 8.7%. Ki te whakarite tatou i te engineering pūkaha o Ukraine me te ao, i roto i ngā o hoko (rite te ōrau o te ahumahi katoa) whika rerekē whānui - he nui raro atu i roto i whenua whakawhanakehia tenei ōwehenga. āhuatanga tēnei au e te whanaketanga huru o te mīhini-hanga matatini.

He tātari o tāwāhi me kawemai

tau tata nei, te kaweake o ngā hua ahumahi mīhini matua kiia hoki te whenua Kihi, te nuinga i roto i te Russian Federation me Kazakhstan. Te whakaiti i roto i te mahi haumi i roto i ngā mākete nui arahina ki te hekenga i roto i te putanga ahumahi kaweake.

E ai ki te Komiti State Tatauranga o Ukraine, i roto i te 2011-2013, kaweake te käwanatanga neke atu i te hawhe o te hanga ki ētahi atu whenua. Heoi, ko te hua o mua i roto i te tono mō ngā hua Ukrainian i runga i te mākete ao me te takotoranga kaweake o te matatini mīhini-hanga o te whenua i roto i te 2015 i hoatu ara ki te stagnation i te ahumahi.

hua engineering Ukraine, e kawemai hoa ke (2014):

• Motors me papua (moni katoa - $ 3 piriona).
• taputapu hiko ($ 2.7 piriona).
• W transportation d / ($ 0.8 piriona).
• waka Road ($ 0.3 piriona).
• transportation Air ($ 0.2 piriona).
• Taputapu ($ 0.2 piriona).
• Kooti ($ 0.1 piriona).

pokapū pūkaha i roto i Ukraine

I ngā wā, kei te nuinga o te ahumahi i roto i te wahi pokapū, me te rawhiti o te whenua. ahu ratou ki megacities me Donbass rohe ahumahi. tautau engineering Major ko Kiev, Kharkov ko Dnepropetrovskiy.

mahi engineering Meiha (Ukraine):

• Rocket me wāhi me te ahumahi rererangi: Kiev ( "Antonov"), Zaporozhye ( "Motor sich"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Automotive: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, "IVECO-Motor sich"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "Bogdan"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• Transport engineering: Kharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Te pahi: Nikolaev ( "Ocean" Plant ingoa i muri i 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson wāhi hanga).
• mīhini taumaha: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Machine Works), Donetsk (NPK "mīhini Mining"), Sumy (. Sumy Frunze), Kharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "Bolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A Transport: Ball ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Electrical me mauhaa engineering: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-pūrere").
• Home Appliances: Donetsk ( "Nord").
• Metalworking: Kharkov (hapa).

ahumahi automotive

He he iho taonga o te engineering automotive i Ukraine. Te ahumahi hua te whānuitanga ki tonu o ngā hua hōia, me te harangotengote. hipokina te reira i te whānui o ngā rōpū whai wāhi i roto i te whanaketanga, hanga me te hoko o waka, waka pāhihi me taraka arumoni, pahi, ëtahi, huira, mopeds, wahi e manawapa me oko ngā.

E ai ki te ariā o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi automotive i roto i 2015 tūmanakohia ki te whakaputa i runga ki te 500,000 cars, ki runga ki te 45,000 taraka, 20,000 pahi. I roto i te mahi, i te wahi o te ahumahi i roto i te hanga ahumahi i roto i nga tau tata nei, ko te 0,8-0,6 anake%, me i te hanga o te hua motu matotoru motu - iti iho i te 0.4-0.3%. āhuatanga engineering Automotive i roto i Ukraine te rite underdeveloped, me ona takoha ki te iti ōhanga motu. I roto i te hanganga mahi iti iho i te 0.1% o te katoa e mahi i roto i te whenua.

I roto i te wāhanga "waka e" hakari nuinga SKD rama ke piha waenganui (C, B) ki te taumata iti o localization me te uara tāpiri hanga i runga i te rohe o Ukraine. I roto i te whānui, kua pā ana ki 100 kamupene, te nui rawa o e ko te ahumahi automotive Ukrainian:

• CJSC ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" CJSC.
• "Bogdan" Corporation.

machinery taumaha Ukraine

Tenei Ko tetahi o te tino whakawhanakehia iti-rāngai o te whenua, āhuatanga e te maha nui o hinonga, te aroaro o te "kaha" kura engineering, tuku iho ahumahi. Pai ki te hoko hua noa atu rite nga hoa rawhiti me te uru. Kawea mai: excavators, loaders, koko, pakete, pūtahuri, tamping whaiaro, he kōhao, poka, Foundries, mīhini ara, elevators, wae mo huri, māka, huri, machining, te ranu o whenua, tokahuke, kohatu, me te tahi atu matū kohuke.

ahumahi rererangi

Kei roto te ahumahi neke atu i te 60 ngā rōpū, e pūkete hoki te hauwhā o ngā kaimahi katoa o te engineering motu. Ko te pūtake o te kamupene matua e rima. Ko te pūmanawa o te ahumahi rererangi hanga taea reira ki te whakapiki ake i te rōrahi o te whanaketanga me te hanga o te rererangi, i roto i ngā:

• pāhihi rohe me te rererangi waka;
• engines rererangi me wāhanga;
• Avionics, e arotahi ana ki te whakamahi o kōrero amiorangi, whakatere me te tirotiro;
• topatopa me rererangi rererangi iti, i roto i ngā unmanned.

whanaketanga fafau ngā:

• Aircraft "AN" o ngā akatuke'anga.
• Production o engines rererangi.
• Topatopa.

atu ahumahi

Machine-taputapu taea te whanaketanga o manga katoa o engineering, hanga o te ahurea me te hangarau. Machine-Tool Plant (mihini tahuri me mihini semiautomatic, mihini taimana-hōhā) e kei i roto i Kharkov, Lvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. Taimaha tipu Machine mahi i roto i Kramatorsk (rārangi aunoa).

Taputapu whai wāhi nui i roto i tere te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau. Ārahi hinonga ki te waihanga hangarau hiko i roto i te whenua, ko te rōpū production "Impulse" Severodonetsk me "Electronmash" i roto i Kiev. He whānui o ngā pūrere hiko, me te tahi atu whakaputaina i roto i Kiev, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk ngā.

Agricultural engineering pūkaha o Ukraine whakarato nga kaimahi ki te taputapu tika. Kua Kei te hinonga o tenei rängai i roto i ngā wāhanga o te kai o ngā hua oti. tarakihana mano manufactures Kharkov Tractor Plant. Kirovograd wheketere "Whero Star" hua drill. Beet complexes hanga i roto i Dnipropetrovsk ko Ternopil, ngā kaikokoti - Kherson ( "Slavutich") ko Arehanaria ( "LAN"), Kānga - i roto i Kherson, mīhini ngaki - i roto i Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. hāngai engineering Mechanical mō te kararehe me te pewa te production te i Uman, Novograd Volyn, ataahua pa tawhito, Coloma, te Ekalesia White.

hāngai te pahi i roto i Ukraine te i roto i te moana nui (Moana Black, te Moana Azov) me te awa (p. Dnipro) tauranga. oko Marine hanga i roto i Nikolayev ko Kherson, awa me te moana - i roto i Kiev. Kei te mahi Shipyards i Odessa, Mariupol.

Transport mīhini manufactures locomotives me kaata. Pokapū He Lugansk locomotive, Kharkov (locomotives), Dnipropetrovsk; hanga motokā - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. waka utanga pereoo tank hangaia i roto i Mariupol. Plant Tapia Locomotive kaimahi pa waka nui.

engineering Mechanical i roto i nga tikanga o te kōmitimiti Pākehā

Kua tohu tohunga pehea e taea bytmashinostroenie Ukraine ki te tuitui Pākehā. Ko te hainatanga o te Whakaaetanga Association i waenganui Ukraine me te Pākehā Union whakarato mo te whakangāwaritanga o rerenga arumoni i waenganui i nga whenua, mai i January 1, 2016. A mai April 2014 whakataki o te manakohanga hokohoko unilateral EU mo Ukraine kua whai wāhi kē ki te hua i roto i tāwāhi o ngā hua engineering me te whakaiti o te toenga kino o te hokohoko ke ki nga whenua o te Pākehā hua engineering aunoa.

E ai ki ngā tatauranga i te State Tatauranga Ratonga o Ukraine, kiia te wahi o te engineering aunoa i te 2014 mō te 18.3% o tāwāhi, me te 23.8% o kawemai o taonga, a mo nga marama tuatahi e ono o 2015, aua, 11.7%, me te 20.8%. I roto i 2015 te ia o te whakaiti i te rerekē haere o te ahumahi. I te wa ano, tupu tāwāhi katoa o ngā hua engineering hea i roto i te EU i 30.4 (2014) ki te 43.4% (hawhe tuatahi 2015).

Tatauranga me ngā

Ko te au o te whanaketanga o te engineering aunoa i Ukraine whakaatu e kua urutau kore ahumahi katoa ki te mau ōhanga hou. I roto i ngā mākete ke nga kohua i tono rahi, mīhini, taputapu hiko, reactors karihi. Ratou wahi katoa i roto i te hanganga o te tāwāhi ahumahi ki te EU ko 40%. I roto i te ngā kaiwhakauru nui puta (2014):

• Hungary (i roto i te nui o $ 270,6 miriona).
• Germany ($ 239.8 miriona).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czech Republic ($ 80 miriona).

opuaraa

Ukraine, e engineering kua whakawhanakehia nui, tonu i roto i te hiahia o te nui-hangarau mīhini, taputapu, me te wāhanga wahi o te production ke. He hua i roto i te kawemai o waka, tarakihana, ngā kaikokoti, taputapu whare, mīhini taimaha. Ko te pukapuka nui o ngā hua kawemai i:

• Tiamana (i roto i te nui o $ 577,9 miriona).
• Poland ($ 255.1 miriona).
• Italy ($ 160.9 miriona).
• Czech Republic ($ 116.8 miriona).
• France ($ 101.4 miriona).

E whakaatu ana Practice e te hainatanga o te Whakaaetanga Association whakarato atu painga atu tūponotanga. whanaketanga atu tei runga i te āhua o hohoro Engineering ka whakawhiti Ukraine i kaupapa ki wāhitanga mōrearea kaupapa.

tūponotanga

He fakafaingata'a'ia'anga nui ki te whakapiki ake i te rōrahi me te whakapai ake i te hanganga o te rerekē haere hokohoko tahi i roto i te ahumahi engineering ko te wātea o ngā tauārai hangarau ki te hokohoko i waenganui i Ukraine me hoa ke. Ko te tūponotanga hono ki te taea o te mate wāhanga o te ahumahi mīhini takitahi, te nuinga e mahi ana i roto i te mākete Russian me o ratou tikanga hangarau. Ngā nga ahumahi nui-tech whakaraerae: i roto i te rererangi, ahumahi korero, te pahi, hōpara ātea.

hinonga ahumahi, ngā hua e kua teitei uara tapiritia, e ti'a ia tatou ki te whakawhanake i te kaha ki te whakautu hohoro ki huringa i roto i te taiao o waho, ki te hanga i ngā hua, ngā whakaritenga kiritaki anticipatory. kia whai wāhi ana tēnei ki te huringa i roto i te tauira pakihi, te whakawhiti ki te tauira tukanga raruraru whakahaere hopanga. Hoki te nuinga o kamupene e te āhuatanga e tauira ngāwari e fakatahai te tukanga matua: whakahaere lifecycle hua, te whanaketanga hua hou, te whakahaere hononga kiritaki, hoko me te whakahaere kia ki tukanga tautoko. I roto i tetahi take, Ukraine Engineering huringa nui. He aha ratou ka waiho - ka korero te wā.