Pūnaha Manufacturing me production: definition, ture me o ratou momo

He hanganga e whai wāhi i roto i te taputapu me te iwi mahi tahi ngā pūnaha Production. mahi ratou o ratou mahi i roto i te tikanga ngā wāhi, te taiao mahi i roto i runga i te mahi. E uru ana ngā pūnaha Manufacturing me hanga o ngā huānga motuhake.

āhuatanga General

E nehenehe i runga i to ratou ake ranei i roto i te taha ki ia atu ki te whakatau i ēnei atu ranei pātai, me ngā hiahia pea o kiritaki i roto i te taonga me ngā ratonga hangaia pūnaha Production. meinga te putanga o taua hanganga e te ahua hanganga ranei o tono mākete. kia urutau ratou ki te whakatau i te kiritaki tono wā roa-. Ko te kupu, ko te whakaaro o te pūnaha whakaputa ngā i roto i te hanga, me te ui hoko o ngā hua i roto i te mākete.

atamira

Ko te pūnaha o ngā tukanga whakaputa ko te raupapa o ngā mahi e pā ana ki te huringa o ngā rauemi, me ngā rauemi mata i roto i te taonga me ngā ratonga. I roto i tenei matatini reira ko te huringa o moni e whakamahia ana i roto i te mahi. haere ratou i roto i te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

1. Mechanization. Hei wāhanga o tona mahi ā-Kei te wahi whakakapi e te mīhini.
2. Aunoatanga. Ko te whakawhiti tino o te taputapu o ngā mahi aunoa. Aunoatanga whakaiti whai wāhi tangata i roto i te mahi.
3. Waeine. riro te reira i te taurite o ngā wāhanga, ngā mahi, ngā hua, e tika ana ki nei he whakawhiti nga wāhanga hua me te iwi.
4. Whakarorohikotanga. āhei te reira ki a koutou te hanga whai wāhitanga mō te changeover ngāwari o taputapu mo te hanga o te whānuitanga kanorau o ngā hua.

Ngā momo o ngā pūnaha production

E whakaritea ana ratou i roto i runga i te wāhanga o te hanganga o te ahumahi hou. Tei runga i te tikanga-utu tapahi, te whakahaere, te taumata hangarau o nga momo e whai ake nei:

1. Ngohengohe mua-pūtaiao (hōia anarchic).
2. pūtaiao Soft, e hāngai ana i runga i hangarau ngāwari (toyotizm).
3. pūtaiao Hard (Fordism).

A feruri i teie momo o pūnaha production i roto i te taipitopito atu.

hanganga anarchic Military

he pūnaha taua o te mahi ahumahi he te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

1. rohe matua - te hopu o ngā mākete hou mo te hoko o taonga ki ratou iti.
2. Manufactory me hua wheketere-hanga. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i mechanization, whakawhiti o mahi matua o te taputapu, whakarato kuiti, kaimahi makehe ohie.
3. Tātauira me polushablonnaya mahi i tuhia ai.
4. manawataki Whakaū o te mahi, i homai te mīhini.
5. whakamahi whānui o te rauemi me te rauemi tangata hoki ratou whakaiti i roto i te utu.
6. mahi Simple.

pūnaha whakahaere production i roto i tenei take ko te āhua o te pakanga. Mau, no te mea o tenei, ka karanga ia i te hōia-anarchist. I roto i te anga o whanaunga production rawa iu.

Fordism

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o tenei pūnaha whakaputa ka G. Ford. whakawhanakehia e ia te ariā e nga tikanga matua o e he e whai ake:

1. High utu mahi o te kaimahi.
2. Mana o te maha o ngā hāora. Me mahi i te kaimahi 48 haora i te wiki, engari a muri ake nei.
3. Whakarite i te pai mīhini kāwanatanga taea, ratou whakaaro ma.
4. Ko te māra o te whakaute mō te iwi ki a ratou ano, ka ki ia atu.

Kua Rite tonu ki enei parau tumu kua whakaurua 8-haora ra, me te whakaturia te utu ka takiruatia te rite pohewatia i roto i te tikanga whänui ana te whakaaetia. hanga Ford hoki te kura ki te karahipi, ka whakatuwheratia e taiwhanga oraraa totiare, i kawea i roto i te ako o tikanga mahi, watea me kaimahi whare. I te wa ano ka tangohia e ia te tiaki o kiritaki pea. I roto i ngā, utua whakarongo motuhake i ki te hanga o ngā hua kounga, te whanaketanga o whatunga ratonga, cars tonu ake, peka utu realizable. Ka rite ki te whakaritenga tino taunaki te whakataki o mihini mo te mahi pakeke, auaha tere. Tino whakahaere te akuaku, te mâ, tango ki pūkete nga āhuatanga whaiaroaro o kaimahi i roto i te tohatoha o ratou ki te mahi i etahi ngā mahi (tono kite auaha tängurunguru ranei). Ford i tetahi o te hunga e hanga te kaupapa o te mahi. Ko te kaiaka o tenei tangata, me etahi atu e taunaki whakaaro ōrite, ngā i roto i whakakoia te mau parau tumu matua e whakakaupapa ana i te whakahaere o ngā pūnaha production. I tēnei wā, e kore e ngaro ratou tona hāngaitanga, engari ki runga ki te anga ke, riro atu atu i te tono.

āhuatanga matua

Ko te whāinga matua o Fordism i whakaiti utu production. I roto i te āhuatanga matua o te hanganga e whai ake kia whakahuatia ai:

1. production pipelining.
2. Wātea o Park motuhake mihini.
3. Tauira mahi ohie.
4. manawataki takoha, etahi ara nekeneke.
5. kaimahi iti-mohio.
6. Serial (papatipu) production.
7. utu iti mō te kohi moni ki te hanga i tētahi paipa hou.
8. He rerekē haere ngā kaimahi nui.

whakahaere

Kei roto te reira i:

1. whakamahere Production. I kawea te reira i roto i roto i te puka o te whakaritea e o pūtea, te tangata me te rauemi rauemi.
2. Ararere. Ko reira he whanaketanga o te raupapa, me ara o taonga i roto i te taputapu.
3. Tuku i. E whakarato ana i tohaina ara-faanahohia me ngā mahi hanga mo wae hinonga.
4. Hōtaka. Ko reira te hanganga o whakairoiro me te ruruku o nga wāhanga ngā o tikanga tukatuka me te ahumahi (i roto i te raupapa ranei i roto i te whakarara).
5. mana Kounga.
6. Whakapai ake o ngā rautaki production me te tohatoha o ngā mahi i roto i te tokotoko.

Toyotizm

e kore e pūnaha production kōrero i runga ake whakanuia e te ngāwari, me te kaha ki te urutau ki tikanga rerekē haere. Toyotizm - he whakautu ki te hiahia mō ngā mātanga tino tohu, te tupu o te ahumahi nekeneke. E ohipa te reira i te hanga hou me te pūnaha ōhanga. Ko tōna parau tumu matua ko ki te kitea te huinga ikeiketanga o uara tangata, whakangungu, urutaunga tonu ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē haere tonu. Kei te tika te reira ki te kukume kaimahi tino tohu, te whakamahi o te polushablonnogo me mahi auaha. I roto i tenei anga, ngā pūnaha hoahoa me te ahumahi ngāwari. nga mahi u katoa rite te huinga o kamupene tino motuhake, whakawhanakehia te whatunga o manga.

Ko te whanaketanga o te te hanga pūnaha momo ngāwari i roto i Japan

ka anga ratou ki te kia whakaurua ngā tata, i roto i te rau tau pokapū o-20. Ko te whanaketanga angitu o te pūnaha whakaputa o te momo tuhia i roto i Japan. I nga umanga anga ki te whakahaere i te tauira rorohiko. fakafekau'aki te reira i te mōhiohio o katoa wae hanganga , me te āta whakarite tonu pakihi. Production me te pūnaha hangarau o tenei momo tā te whakahaere tika i te akoranga o te putanga me te mana o te rārangi. whakaratohia Continuity e tuku o rauemi "tika i roto i te wa" i roto i te wahi e tika ana, me te i roto i te rahinga e hiahiatia ana. huaina ana tēnei tauira ko "kanban". tari hinonga i whakamaheretia whakawhanake he hōtaka wiki marama ranei mo te hanga o ngā hua hou. Ko te kupu e kore e mahi i te reira rite te kaupapa hanga mo ia whakato. whakawhanakehia hōtaka whakahaere i nga ra, mahi ruruku anake nekeneke matua. E kōrero Ētahi atu awheawhe i roto i te pūnaha o "kanban". mohiotia te tikanga Japanese te puta noa te ao mo tona kounga. whakaratohia taua rongonui e te mana tino o te kamupene. Tetahi kaimahi i roto i nga kamupene ongo'i kawenga takitahi mō ngā hua hangaia. porowhita Special i roto i te kamupene i hanga mo te mana kounga. Me whakapai ake tonu ratou i te mau melo o ratou pūkenga me te mōhiotanga.

te mau parau tumu

hāngai pūnaha production Main i roto i te ao nei i teie mahana e i runga i:

1. whakamahere Rauemi. I roto i runga ki te kaupapa whānui mahi hanga tikanga matapae, Financials, te whanaketanga engineering, hōtaka mahi.
2. mana Kounga.
3. Rauemi Whakahaere Human. Kei roto te reira i te ako o te āhuatanga takitahi o te tangata ki te whakarite i te haere tonutanga me te haumaru. I roto i te hinonga whakaurua rārangi ngāwari, whakawhänui te whānui o ngā mahi kaimahi. Ko te kaimahi e whai wāhi ratou i roto i te whakahaere o te production. utua ngā aro te ki te rōpū, me te tohunga mana-whaiaro ā.

Āhuatanga o te ahumahi Russian

I tēnei wā, ko te mahi o te tauira hinonga, hipoki wāhanga katoa o te hinonga. Ko ētahi o ēnei e kore anake te putanga tika, engari ano hoki te supply o ngā rauemi mata mo tona production, me te hokohoko o ngā hua oti. I pehea ki te whakarite tōtika tei te pūnaha i runga i te kounga o taonga, te taumata o ngā utu, whakataetae te kamupene o. Ka rite ki ngā āhuatanga matua constraining te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha production i roto i te Russian Federation, ko te kore o ngā kaiwhakahaere tohu me te kore o te mōhiohio e pā ana ki te pūmanawa, me amanaki o te ao hōu.

pū whakahaere

pūnaha whakahaere whakaputa ko te ture mohio o te hinonga katoa. Ko te kaupapa tuatahi ki te kia whakawhanakehia tauira tino pai o mahi o te kamupene. Whakahaere tā hanga whakatau e pā ana ki te wāhi o ngā whakaurunga, te whakataki o ngā ture me ngā paerewa. kia mahi pūnaha kia aroturukitia tonu. tikanga o tēnei e me whakapumautia reira whakahau ara e haere, tautuhi nga ngā o ratou tukunga. E rite nui ko te pupuri o ngā rauemi, ngā wāhanga, ngā wāhanga, me ngā hua i roto i te hinonga. kia whakarite taua aroturuki i ngā wāhanga katoa o te kamupene. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatutuki i te whakataetae o te hinonga kia hua te hua ui i runga i te mākete. I roto i tenei take, kia whai i te reira ona ake āhuatanga e hanga rerekē ai mo te pai i te hua o te tahi atu umanga. I roto i tenei whakaaro, he rōpū o ngā tohunga, ko te ki te whakawhanake i tētahi hoahoa hua e ka whakaputa i te kamupene, ki te whakamahi i to ratou ngā whanaketanga whaihua ranei.