Hanganga me te mahi o te DNA me tuipūmua (Ripanga)

Kei te pai te mohiotia te reira e ngā momo katoa o te mea ora, i huaketo me mutu kararehe teitei (me te tangata) i te taputapu tuku ahurei. Kei te māngai ia e rāpoi o rua momo o waikawa karihi: deoxyribonucleic me ribonucleic. I roto i enei matū pararopi whakawaeheretia mōhiohio haere e te i matua ki takitahi uri i roto i te uri. I roto i tenei pepa, ako matou pehea whakaaro te hanganga me te mahi o te te DNA me te RNA i roto i te pūtau, me te te tikanga e à te tukanga o te tuku o tuku āhuatanga o mea ora.

Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, te āhuatanga o waikawa karihi, ahakoa whai ratou etahi āhuatanga noa, Heoi, rerekē nui i roto ia ratou. Na reira whakataurite tatou nga mahi DNA me te RNA kawea atu e aua biopolymers i roto i ngā pūtau o ngā rōpū rerekē o kaiao. Te tepu aroaro i roto i te pepa e tokoni ke mahino koe te mea nga rerekētanga taketake i waenganui ia ratou.

waikawa karihi - biopolymers matatini

Ngā āhuatanga i roto i te mara o te koiora rāpoi i puta i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, i roto i ngā, tuhinga o te hanganga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic, te hiringa mo te whanaketanga o te cytology hou, iranga, hangarau koiora me te engineering ira. Mai i te tirohanga o organic DNA matū me te RNA he taonga nui rāpoi arā, o ngā waeine auau - waetahi, ka karanga hoki nucleotides. Kei te mohiotia te reira e, e toaati ratou ki te hanga i te taiawhio nehenehe o mokowā whaiaro whakahaere-.

Kei te maha macromolecules DNA taua e pā ana ki pūmua motuhake he āhuatanga motuhake, me te huaina histones. complexes Nucleoprotein hanga hanganga motuhake - nucleosomes, e, i roto i te tahuri, he wahi o te pūira. kia waikawa karihi e rua i roto i te karihi, me te i roto i te cytoplasm o ngā pūtau, he hakari i te hanganga o etahi o ona organelles, pērā i pungaraungao chloroplasts ranei.

Ko te hanganga mokowā o te taonga whakapapa

Hei mahino te mahi o te DNA me te RNA, he mea e tika ana ki te matau i roto i te taipitopito te peculiarities o ratou hanganga. Ka rite ki ki pūmua, āhuatanga e rave rahi taumata o te whakahaere o macromolecules waikawa karihi. māngai te hanganga tuatahi te mekameka polynucleotide, tuarua, me te tuatoru samouslozhnyayutsya whirihoranga puta i roto i te momo hononga kotuari. He tūranga motuhake i roto i te tiaki i te āhua mokowā o te rāpoi ngota no here hauwai, Van der ope Waal me taunekeneke. Ko te hua ko te hanganga kiato o DNA, ka karanga superspiral.

Waetahi waikawa karihi

Hanganga me te mahi o te DNA, RNA, pūmua, me ētahi atu waerau organic whakawhirinaki e rua i runga i te hanganga kounga, me te ine o ratou macromolecules. E hanga rua momo o waikawa karihi ake o ngā āhuatanga hanganga i huaina nucleotides. Ka rite ki matau ana tatou i te akoranga o te matū, hanga o te mea tika pā tona mahi. DNA ko RNA he kahore okotahi. Huri i te reira i roto i taua i runga i te hanganga nucleotide tei runga i te puka o te waikawa iho me tona tūranga i roto i te pūtau. Kei roto i ia waetahi o e toru ngā wāhanga: he turanga nitrogenous, he te warowaihā me te toenga o te waikawa orthophosphoric. E wha hoki nga tu o turanga nitrogenous o DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine me cytosine. I roto i te rāpoi ngota RNA, he ratou, aua, adenine, guanine, cytosine me uracil. Warowaihā māngai e ngā momo o pentose. He ribose me i DNA te waikawa ribonucleic - tona ahua paru, ka karanga deoxyribose.

Āhuatanga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic

Tuatahi titiro tatou ki te hanganga me te mahi o DNA. RNA he whirihoranga mokowā ohie, ka kia te uiui i roto i te wāhanga o muri. Na, kei te tū whenu polynucleotide rua i waenganui i te toutou auau here hauwai i hanga i waenganui i te turanga hauota. I roto i te o te tokorua "adenine - thymine," i reira e rua, a i roto i te rua o "guanine - cytosine" - e toru here hauwai.

i kitea tūpato purine aho, me te pyrimidine turanga e E. Chargaff a ka mohiotia rite te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga. Ko te nucleotides mekameka kotahi hono here phosphodiester e kua hanga e i waenganui i te toenga pentose o te waikawa orthophosphoric me nucleotides pātata. te tiaki i te puka tōrino o mekameka e rua e here hauwai e puta i waenganui i te hauwai me te hāora ngota e he wahi o nucleotides. Teitei - hanganga wānanga (supercoil) - āhuatanga mō te DNA karihi o ngā pūtau eukaryotic. I roto i tenei puka ko reira reira i roto i te pūpūira. Heoi, huakita me te DNA kei wheori i kore te waikawa deoxyribonucleic e pā ana ki pūmua. Kei te māngai reira e te puka mowhiti-āhua me te huaina te plasmid.

He te puka DNA taua o pungaraungao me chloroplasts - organelles, tipu me ngā pūtau kararehe. Na ka kitea e tatou i roto i, he aha te mea te rerekētanga i waenganui i te mahi o te DNA me te RNA. Te ripanga i raro, whakaatu tatou te rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o waikawa karihi.

waikawa ribonucleic

Kei te rāpoi ngota RNA o te whenu polynucleotide kotahi (anake hoki te hanganga rua-paea o te tahi mau wheori) e taea e rua i roto i te karihi, me te i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau. He maha ngā momo o te RNA e rerekē i waenganui i te hanganga me te āhuatanga. Ko te kupu, karere RNA kua te taimaha rāpoi rawa. Kei te synthesized te reira i roto i te karihi pūtau i roto i tetahi o nga ira. mahi mRNA - ki te whakawhiti kōrero i runga i te hanganga o te pūmua i te karihi ki te cytoplasm. Transport puka waikawa karihi piri waetahi pūmua - waikawa amino - a whakaorangia ana ratou e ki te pae o te biosynthesis.

I te pae hopea, i hanga RNA ribosomal te i roto i te nucleolus me te whai wāhi i roto i te kōtuitanga pūmua. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, he kanorau, me te tino nui te DNA me te RNA mahi i roto i te pākia e pūtau. ka whakawhirinaki ratou matua i runga i ngā pūtau o kaiao e he matū rāpoi ngota o te whakapapa. Na, kia te waikawa ribonucleic huaketo te kawe o te mōhiohio ā-ira, te mea i roto i ngā pūtau o kaiao eukaryotic tenei kaha he waikawa deoxyribonucleic anake.

Taumahi o te DNA me te RNA i roto i te tinana

I roto i tona uara waikawa karihi, me pūmua e mea faufaa ngā pūhui matū waro. tiaki ratou ka tuku āhuatanga tuku, me te huanga i te matua ki te takitahi uri. Kia tāutu a te rerekētanga i waenganui i tetahi ki tetahi mahi o te DNA me te RNA. Ko te ripanga i raro whakaatu ana te rerekētanga i roto i te taipitopito atu.

He aha e nga āhuatanga o wheori taonga o whakapapa?

kia tango Virus waikawa karihi te puka o rua koropetau tahi, me te whenu-rua mowhiti ranei. E ai D.Baltimora whakarōpū, enei taonga microcosm i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota DNA arā, o tetahi e rua ranei takatakanga. Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā tukumate o herpes me adenoviruses, me te tuarua ngā, hei tauira, parvovirus.

Ko te mahi o te DNA me te RNA huaketo ngā i roto i te kătahi ake mōhiohio ira ki te pūtau, tauhohe tukuruatanga rāpoi ngota e mau ana waikawa karihi viral, me te whakaminenga o matūriki pūmua i te ribosomes o te pūtau ope. Ka rite ki te hua, kei te tino subordinated te pākia e pūtau katoa ki te pirinoa e tini tere, ārahi ki te pūtau mate.

wheori RNA-kei roto

I roto i Virology hanga te wehenga o enei rauropi ki te maha ngā rōpū. Na, kua karangatia e te momo tuatahi (+) RNA kotahi-paea. karihi ratou waikawa mahi te taua mahi rite te RNA anahera o ngā pūtau eukaryotic. I roto i te tahi atu rōpū ngā kotahi-paea (-) RNA. Tuatahi, puta ratou patohanga rāpoi, ārahi ki te ahua o ngā rāpoi ngota (+) RNA, me te hunga i roto i tahuri, mahi rite tātauira mo te pūmua viral.

I runga i te i mua, no te rauropi katoa, tae atu ki ngā wheori, DNA me mahi RNA poto āhuatanga rite: rokiroki āhuatanga tuku me ngā āhuatanga o te rauropi, me te tuku atu o ratou uri.