He aha te mea hāora? pūhui hāora

huānga matū kore-konganuku o te rōpū 16 (Via) o te Taka Pūmotu - hāora (e). Ko te hau te huitahi, akeake, me te koreami hiahiatia mō kaiao ora - kararehe e tahuri reira ki te hauhā, me tipu e whakamahi CO ₂ rite te pūtake waro, me e ₂ kua hoki mai ki te kōhauhau. Hāora hanga he pūhui te tauhohe i ki tata tetahi atu huānga, a whakakingitia ia nga āhuatanga matū o te kōrero ki ia atu. I roto i te rahiraa o te taime, e haere tahi enei tukanga i te tuku o te wera me te marama. Ko te pūhui tino nui o te hāora, ko te wai.

History o whakahura

I roto i 1772, te kēmihi Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele tuatahi faaite e taua hāora te fariiraa i te reira na roto i te whakawera pākawa konurehu waikura, mēkuri, me te maha atu matū. Takitahi o ia i roto i 1774, te kēmihi English Dzhozef Pristli kitea te huānga matū i whāwehe waiariki o te mēkuri waikura, a whakaputaina ana kitenga i roto i te taua tau, e toru nga tau i mua i Scheele tānga. I roto i nga tau 1775-1780 te kēmihi French Antuan Lavuaze tikanga te tūranga o te hāora i roto i te manawa me te tahunga, whakareretanga te ariā phlogiston, whakaae noa i te wa. Kei te kï hoki, mo tona hehema ki te hanga i ngā waikawa ka ngā ki ngā matū, me te huānga oxygène huaina, nei i roto i te tikanga Kariki "hanga waikawa".

nuinga

He aha te mea hāora? Kaute mō te 46% i te taimaha o te kirinuku, ko reira te tuhaa tino noa o te reira. Ko te nui o te hāora i roto i te huru ko te 21% i te rōrahi me te taimaha o ona 89% i roto i te vairaa pape.

I roto i te toka huānga ngā ki te konganuku me-konganuku kore rite nga waikura e he waikawa (hei tauira, he whanariki, waro, konumohe, me te ūkuikui) taketake (konupūmā, konupora me te rino), ranei, me rite te pūhui te tote-rite e taea te i titiro rite i hanga i te waikawa me waikura taketake pērā i Ngā pūkawa, pākawa waro, silicates, phosphates me aluminates. Ahakoa he maha ratou, ko enei totoka e kore e taea te mahi rite puna hāora, rite here wāhinga ki huānga whakarewa ngota kohi pūngao rawa.

āhuatanga

Ki te te pāmahana hāora i raro -183 ° C, riro te reira koma wai puru, me i -218 ° C - mārō. E Pure ₂ Ko 1.1 wa taimaha ake i te hau.

I roto i te kupukupu tonu kararehe, me pau etahi huakita hāora i te huru me te hauhā hangarua, te mea i roto i te ahotakakame tipu matomato i roto i te aroaro o te rā mimiti hauhā me te tuku i te hāora noa. Fatata te e te katoa ₂ i roto i te huru whakaputaina e ahotakakame.

I 20 ° C mō te pā ana ki 3 wāhanga i rōrahi o te hāora rewa i roto i te 100 wāhanga o te wai hou, he iti iti iho i te - i roto i te vairaa pape. E mea titauhia no te respiration o ika, me te tahi atu te ora moana.

hāora Natural Ko te ranunga o toru kanoirite pūmau ¹⁶ E (99,759%), ¹⁷ E te ^(0,037%), me ¹⁸ E (0,204%). He maha ngā āwenewene hua kanoirite iraruke. Ko te nuinga o ratou roa-ora ko ¹⁵ e (hawhe-ora 124) Kei te whakamahia e hoki ako te kupukupu i roto i whāngote.

allotrope

He whakaaro mārama o te aha te hāora, tukua ki te whiwhi ona puka e rua allotropic, diatomic (e ₂₎ me te triatomic (e _3, pekerangi). Āhuatanga puka diatomic whakaaro e herea nga irahiko e ono ngā ngota me rua noho unpaired, meinga te paramagnetism o te hāora. e kore e toru rāpoi ngota pekerangi kei i runga i tetahi raina tika tonu.

Ka taea te hua Ozone i roto i runga i te whārite: 3Tukua ₂ → 2Kia _3.

He pauwera te tukanga (titau pūngao); faafariuraa o te pekerangi hoki ki te hāora diatomic whai wāhi ki te aroaro o te konganuku whakawhiti ratou waikura ranei. Kei te tahuri hāora Pure ki Ozone i te mahi o te rere mura hiko. puta hoki te tauhohenga ki runga ki absorption o te marama hihi katinga ki te roangaru o e pā ana ki 250 nm. Ko te takanga o tenei tukanga i roto i te huru o runga faaore radiation e pai kia kino ki te ora i runga i te mata o te whenua. kakara titohea o te pekerangi ko whare hakari ki te taputapu hiko sparking pērā i generators. Tenei hau ko te puru marama. Ko tōna kiato i 1.658 wa nui atu te rangi, a ka kua te ira koropupū o -112 ° C i te pēhanga kōhauhau.

Pekerangi - piti hāora kaha e taea o te tahuri pūngāwhā hāora rua, trioxide, pūngāwhā ki pūkawa, konutawa, iodine (tikanga tātari mō te whakarato tona aromatawai) me te maha pärönaki pūhui organic hāora-kei roto pērā i aldehydes me waikawa. Te faafariuraa o waiwaro ki Ozone i ngā haurehu pereoo whakapau i roto i enei waikawa me aldehydes ko te take o te kohupara. I roto i te ahumahi, whakamahia pekerangi ko rite te matū hohe matū, waipatu mo te maimoatanga parakaingaki, purenga wai me te bleaching o papanga.

tikanga o te faaineineraa

Tukanga mō te whakaputa hāora tei runga i te nui o hau e hiahiatia te ki te farii i. tikanga taiwhanga mo te whai ake:

1. whāwehe o te tahi mau tai pērā i te konurehu chlorate konurehu pākawa ranei:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3Tukua _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + e _2.

Konurehu chlorate whāwehe catalyzed e waikura whakawhitinga konganuku. Hoki tenei te konupora hāorarua maha whakamahia (pyrolusite, MnO _2). Ko te whakakōkī Whakahekea te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana mo te hāora te kukuwhatanga, i 400 ki te 250 ° C.

2. haumarurutanga o te waikura konganuku i raro i te mahi o te pāmahana:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + e _2.
• 2Ag ₂ E → 4Ag + e _2.

Scheele ko Priestley mo tenei huānga matū whakamahia pūhui (waikura), hāora me te mēkuri (II).

3. Ko te whāwehe waiariki o te peroxides whakarewa hauwai ranei:

• 2BaO + e ₂ → 2BaO _2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + e _2.
• Bảo ₂ + H ₂ SO ₄ → H ₂ E ₂ + BaSO _4.
• 2H ₂ E ₂ → 2H ₂ E + e _2.

Ko te tikanga ahumahi tuatahi mō te wehenga o te hāora i te huru mo te hanga o te hauwai ranei whakawhirinaki i runga i te hanganga o te waikura o te pārana hauwai.

4. -iahiko o te wai ki admixtures iti o tai waikawa e whakarato āriponga o nāianei hiko ranei:

2H ₂ E → 2H ₂ + e ₂

production ahumahi

Ki te tika ki te whiwhi e whakamahia nui moni o te hāora te iheu hautanga o te rangi wai. O nga wāhanga nui o te rangi kua reira te wāhi e koropupu teitei, a reira, he mea whakarite ki te hauota, me te hauhauā iti ahua. Ka whakamahia e te tukanga he hau meangiti i roto i tona roha. Ko te wāhanga matua o te mahi e whai ake:

• tātari rangi te ki te tango matūriki totoka;
• makuku me te hauhā e nekehia atu e absorption i alkali;
• kōpeke rangi te ka nekehia atu te wera kōpeketanga e ngā tukanga tikanga meangiti;
• ka tomo ki roto ki te pōkai kei roto i te ruma;
• wahi o te hau kōpeke (i te pēhanga o e pā ana ki 200 atm) i roto i te faarahi ruma, te meangiti i te pōkai;
• whänui hoki hau ki te compressor me e tika ana i te maha o ngā wāhanga o te kōpeketanga me roha muri, ai i -196 ° C, riro wai te rangi;
• wera Māturu marama tuatahi hau e mangere wai, ka hauota me te hāora wai kōiwi. fractionation maha hua he hua parakore makona (99.5%) mo te nuinga o ngā tono ahumahi.

Whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi

Metallurgy Ko te kiritaki nui o te hāora parakore mo te hanga o tiketike-waro maitai: te maka o te hauhā me te tahi atu poke nonmetals pera tere me māmā atu i ki te hau.

kupu whakaari hāora Wastewater mō maimoatanga whai hua atu o te ngaa wai atu i roto i te tahi atu tukanga matū. Kei te hoko te reira i piki nui i roto i te kati pūnaha ururua incineration whakamahi e te parakore _2.

Ko te oxidizer pere pera-ka karanga he hāora wai. E te Pure ₂ tenei whakamahia i runga i submarines me i te pere ruku.

I roto i te ahumahi matū, whakakapi hāora rangi noa i roto i te hanga o ngā matū pērā i acetylene, ethylene waikura me te mewaro. tono Medical ngā whakamahi o te hau hāora i roto i te ruma inhalers me purerehua tamaiti. hau rongoā taonga ki te hāora whakarato tautoko ora i roto i rehunga whānui. Te kore tenei huānga matū kua taea ki te tīariari he maha o ahumahi e whakamahi oumu. Ko te aha te hāora.

Ko te āhuatanga matū me te tauhohenga

uara nui o te irahiko hunaonga me te electronegativity o te hāora he wāhanga angamaheni e whakaatu āhuatanga konganuku. pūhui katoa i āhua tōraro hāora piti hāora. A, no te ki tonu e rua orbitals irahiko, i hanga e ^2- katote. Ko te peroxides (e ₂ ^2-) riro e ia ngota he tiaki o -1. Tenei taonga o te fariiraa i irahiko e te tuku katoa te kanohi ranei me whakatau te kaihoko oxidizing. A, no te tauhohe te kaihoko ki te taonga, irahiko kaituku, heke ona ake āhua piti hāora. Ko te huringa (te iti iho) i roto i te āhua hāora hāora i te kore ki te -2 ka karanga whakaora.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa hanga te huānga he pūhui dihydric me trihydric. I tua atu, i reira he rāpoi ngota tino iu chetyrehatomnye. I roto i te puka diatomic e kei e rua irahiko unpaired i runga i te orbitals nonbonding. whakapumautia tenei e whanonga hau paramagnetic.

Kei te te tahi mau taime faataa te tauhohenga Kakati ozone whakaaro e ko tetahi o te ngota e toru i roto i te āhua "ngota". Te tauhohe i tenei ngota dissociated te i te e _3, mahue hāora rāpoi.

E ₂ rāpoi ngota i pāmahana noa, me te pēhanga ambient ngonge urupare. Ko nui atu kaha i te hāora ngota. Ko te pūngao dissociation (e ₂ → 2Kia) he nui, me te 117,2 mol kcal.

hononga

C taua nonmetals rite hauwai, te waro, whanariki, te hāora, hanga he whānuitanga nui o pūhui covalently herea, tae atu ki ngā waikura nonmetal pērā i te wai (H ₂ E), whanariki hāorarua (SO ₂₎ me te hauhā (CO _2); pūhui matū waro pērā i waiwaihā, aldehydes me ngā waikawa; waikawa noa pērā i carbonic _{(CO3 H2),} te waikawa pungatara (H ₂ SO ₄₎ me te hauota (HNO _3); me nga tai hāngai pērā i te konutai pūkawa (Na ₂ SO _4), te konutai pākawa waro (Na ₂ CO ₃₎ me te konutai pākawa (Nano _3). Ko reira i roto i te puka o te e ^2- katote i roto i te hanganga karaihe o waikura konganuku totoka, pērā i pūhui (waikura), te hāora, me te cao o te konupūmā hāora. Metal superoxide (KO ₂₎ i roto i katote e ₂ ^-, i peroxides whakarewa (bảo ₂₎ i roto i katote e ₂ ^2-. pūhui hāora te tikanga i te āhua -2 piti hāora.

āhuatanga matua

I te pae hopea whakarārangi tatou nga āhuatanga matua o te hāora:

• whirihoranga irahiko: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.
• tau ngota: 8.
• papatipu ngota: 15,9994.
• wāhi e koropupu ana: -183,0 ° C.
• ira whakakoero: -218,4 ° C.
• Kiato (ki te ko te pēhanga hāora 1 atm i 0 ° C): 1.429 g / l.
• āhua piti hāora o -1, -2, +2 (i roto i te pūhui ki köwhai).