He aha te mea pūpūira: whakamāramatanga, hanganga me te mahi

rangahau matüora i roto i te iranga - he ara nui ki te ako i tona matua wāhanga - ira me pūira. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te mea he pūpūira, kitea atu tona hanganga me te mahi i roto i te pūtau.

Whakapapa - te taonga matua o te mea ora

I roto i te tukanga matua e tohu nga rauropi e ora i runga i te whenua, e te kupukupu, kai tōtika, tupu, kōwhiringa me te whakaputa uri. Ko te nui tino mo te tiaki o te ora i runga i to tatou paraneta te mahi whakamutunga. Pēhea te kore ki te haamana'o i ko te ture tuatahi i homai e te Atua ki a Arama, a Eva i te whai ake: ". Kia hua, kia tini" I te taumata o ngā pūtau whakamana mahi generative te ki waikawa karihi (taonga wāhanga o pūira). Ka ēnei hanganga e kōrero i roto i te mea whai.

tāpiri tatou ano hoki e te tiaki me te tuku o te mōhiohio ā-ira kawea e nga uri o te taua tikanga e kore e e whakawhirinaki i runga i te taumata o te whakahaere o nga takitahi, e te mea mo te huaketo me te huakita, a ko reira ao ki te tangata.

He aha te mea te taonga o te whakapapa

I roto i tenei pepa ako tatou i te hanganga pūpūira me mahi o nei e tika ti'aturi i runga i te whakahaere o ngā rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi. Swiss Miescher pūtaiao i roto i te tau 1869 pūhui i kitea i roto i te karihi o ngā pūtau o te pūnaha ārai mate, whakaahua āhuatanga o te waikawa i huaina ratou nukleina tuatahi me te waikawa ka karihi. Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū, te reira macromolecular pūhui - waerau. Enei waetahi Ko nucleotides he te hanganga e whai ake nei: he purine ranei turanga pyrimidine, me toenga pentose o te waikawa orthophosphoric. Kua kitea Scientists e kia kia rua nga momo o waikawa karihi reira i roto i te pūtau: DNA me te RNA. E complexed ratou ki pūmua ki te hanga i te pūhui o pūira. I tua atu i pūmua, waikawa karihi whai taumata maha o whakahaere mokowā.

I te tau 1953 ko te Nobel Watson, a deciphered Crick te hanganga o DNA. Ko te rāpoi ngota tito o mekameka e rua tuatihia e here hauwai puta i waenganui i nga turanga nitrogenous i runga i te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga (ritenga turanga thymine adenine Kei cytosine ritenga - guanine). hanganga me te mahi o nei e ako tatou pūpūira, te rāpoi ngota Kei roto he waikawa deoxyribonucleic me ribonucleic ngā whirihoranga. I tenei take, aparau i tatou i roto i atu taipitopito i roto i te wāhanga "Taumata o whakahaere pūpūira."

Localization o te taonga o te whakapapa i roto i te pūtau

DNA reira i roto i enei cytostructure rite te matua, a hoki i roto i organelles, nehenehe o te wehenga - pungaraungao me chloroplasts. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i enei organelles mahi mahi faufaa i roto i te pūtau tenei: te kōtuitanga ATP, me te kōtuitui o te kūhuka me te hāora hanganga i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau. organelles waihanga manga rererua matua lifecycle. Ko te kupu, te pūtau tamahine i whāū (wehewehe pūtau somatic) pūira (te hanganga o te parāoa me te ova) ranei taea te hanganga whare mata pūtau e hiahiatia whakaratohia te pūtau ki ngā matūkai me te pūngao.

Kei waikawa Ribonucleic o tetahi mekameka me te he taimaha rāpoi raro atu DNA. kitea ia e rua i roto i te karihi, me te i roto i te hyaloplasm, a he wahi o maha organelles pūtau: ribosomes, pungaraungao, kiriuwhi, plastids. Pūpūira i roto i enei organelles e pā ana ki histone pūmua, me te wahi o te plasmids - porohita kuiti rāpoi DNA.

hanganga pūpūira me

Na kua whakapumautia e matou e roto te waikawa karihi i roto i te taonga o ngā pūira - nga wae hanganga o te whakapapa. Ratou pūpūira i raro i te karu whārahi irahiko e te puka o te potakataka hanganga filamentous ranei. Oku i ai e, haunga te DNA, a tae noa rāpoi RNA, me pūmua whakaahua āhuatanga taketake, me te ingoa histones. Katoa o te runga ake he wahi o te hanganga nucleosome. E kitea ratou i roto i te karihi, me e huaina nga pūira fibrils (miro-pōkai). Whakarāpopoto i te runga ake katoa, whakatau tatou e tenei pūpūira. Tenei pūhui matatini o waikawa deoxyribonucleic me pūmua motuhake - histones. Ratou, rite nga coils, kua maru ia rāpoi ngota DNA rua-paea ki te hanga i te nucleosome.

Taumata o te whakahaere pūpūira

whakapapa taonga he hanganga rerekē, e tei runga i ngā āhuatanga maha. Hei tauira, i runga i te aha atamira o te pūtau huringa manawanui ora: wehewehe te wā (metoz pūira ranei), ranei presynthetic waihanga i roto i interphase. Mai i te puka o te solenoid, fibrils ranei, rite te kuware tino, i reira te mea he anō raungaitinga o pūpūira. Heterochromatin - he āhua ake mātotoru, kua hanga e i roto i te wahi intron o te pūira, kahore he nei taea te tuhi. I roto i te pūtau okiokinga - interphase, i te mea kahore tukanga wehenga - karyoplasm heterochromatin kei roto i te karihi peripherally, e tata ana tona membrane. Taati tirotiro karihi atamira postsynthetic puta i roto i te huringa ora o ngā pūtau, i.e. tonu i mua i te wehenga.

He aha whakatau te tōhau o mea o whakapapa

Tonu ki te tūhura i te pātai "aha he pūpūira," kitea kairangahau e tei te reira i runga i te pūmua hiri-histone e, me ki nga rāpoi o te DNA me te RNA i te nucleosome. ngā ratou o ngā momo e whā o pūmua, ka karanga kau me te linker. I te kau o te tuhi (tai'oraa o ngā mōhiohio i te ira mā tuipūmua) rauemi whakapapa painga tauta, ka kua karangatia e euchromatin.

I tēnei wā kei te ako tohatoha ngā o ngā rāpoi ngota DNA e pā ana ki pūmua histone. Hei tauira, kitea kairangahau e pūpūira te huanui rerekē o te taua pūira taumata rerekē o te tōhau. Hei tauira, i roto i nga wahi o te tāpiritanga ki te mitotic kakawaea pūira muka i huaina centromeres, he reira atu mātotoru atu te wāhanga telomeric - mutunga te huanui.

Ira-tauwehe me pūpūira

Ko te ariā o te ture o te mahi ira, hanga e te geneticists French Hakopa ko Monod, homai he whakaaro o te oraraa o ngā wāhanga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic, i roto i nei kahore he kōrero e pā ana ki te hanganga o te pūmua. mahi ratou i te pono uiui - mahi whakahaere. Whakaingoa ira tauwehe, enei wahi o te pūira te tikanga i roto i tona hanganga pūmua kowaiwai-histone. i te ingoa pūpūira, te whakamāramatanga o i kawea i roto i te taha o te raupapatanga, tuwhera.

I roto i te anō akoranga i kitea taua mea e i enei te huanui e kei te raupapa nucleotide e ārai i haapa'oraa ki te rāpoi DNA o matūriki pūmua. Taua wahi Kei roto te ira ture he: activators kaiwhakatairanga ehansery. Ko te raungaitinga o pūpūira ki a ratou he tiketike, me te roa o enei tauwaenga wāhanga e pā ana ki 300 nm. He he he tikanga mo te whakatau i te pūpūira tuwhera matüora i roto i te karihi taratahi i ai te whakamahi o te paru DNA-Ase. Ia hohoro wawahi iho te huanui o pūira, pūmua ngaro-histone. Kua pūpūira i roto i ēnei wāhanga kua huaina hypersensitive.

Ko te tūranga o te whakapapa taonga

Complexes tae DNA, RNA me te pūmua i huaina pūpūira, whai wāhi i roto i te ontogeny pūtau me te whakaputa ke tona hanganga i runga i te momo kiko, me te i runga i te atamira o te whanaketanga o te kaiao rite te katoa rānei. Hei tauira, i roto i nga pūtau epithelial o te kiri pērā i te ira rite ehanser me kaiwhakatairanga āraia pūmua repressors, me enei ira ture i roto i te pūtau secretory o te epithelium intestinal me he mātātoa i roto i te rohe o tuwhera pūpūira. Scientists, kitea geneticists e i te hautanga o te DNA e kore e e whakawaehere pūmua, whakaaro, mo runga i 95% o te huinga ira tangata. Tenei te tikanga e te mana ira, ko te rahi noa ake i te hunga e e te kawenga mō te kōtuitui o peptides. Ko te kupu whakataki o te tikanga pērā i te tītipi DNA me te whakaraupapa tukua ki te kitea i roto i te mea te pūpūira, me rite ki te hua, ki te mahere te genome tangata.

He nui i roto i taua wāhi o te pūtaiao pērā i te iranga tangata me Studies o pūpūira iranga rata. e pā ana tēnei i te i te koi nui haere te taumata o te takanga o mate tuku - ira rite, me te pūira. te kitenga wawe o enei syndromes faarahi te ōrau o matapae pai i roto i to ratou maimoatanga.