He aha te mea te tohu o te piti hāora o te hāora? Ko te honohono, o te hāora, me te tohu o te piti hāora

Katoa manawa tatou hau e te mea te nuinga hauota, me te hāora ngā rāpoi ngota ki tua iti o te tahi atu āhuatanga. Ko te kupu, te hāora ko tetahi o nga mea timatanga tino nui matū. I tua atu, ona rāpoi ngota i reira e i roto i te momo nui o pūhui matū e kua whakamahia i roto i te ora ia rā. Ki te whakaahua i nga āhuatanga katoa o tenei huānga e kore he nui, me te kotahi rau whārangi, na te whakawhāiti tatou nga meka matua o nga kōrero, me te āhuatanga huānga taketake - honohono, me te tohu o te piti hāora o te hāora, te rahi o te tono i te āhuatanga ōkiko taketake.

History o te kitea o te huānga matū

Ko te rā e pā ana o te kitea o te matū huānga "hāora" Ko 1 August 1774. Taua ra ano, te kēmihi British Hoani. Priestley faaoti tona whakamātau i runga i te whāwehe o mēkuri waikura i te mea i roto i te oko hiri. riro pūtaiao hau e tautoko ana ngingiha runga ki te whakaotinga o te whakamātau. Heoi, haere hia tenei kitea noa e te pūtaiao. whakaaro Mr Priestley i haere mai ia e kore e ki te tohatoha i te huānga hou me te wāhi o te rangi. Dzhozef Pristli ratou hua ki te pūtaiao rongonui French me kēmihi Antuanom Lavuaze, ko wai i taea ki te matau te mea i rahua ki te hanga i te Ingarihi ngā. I 1775, i taea e ki te whakapumautia e reira ko "he wāhi o te rangi" Lavoisier mau ko te huānga matū motuhake, me te ingoa hāora reira, ina whakamaoritia, ko i Kariki tikanga "waikawa-hanga". Na whakapono Lavoisier e te hāora he reira i roto i te waikawa katoa. I muri, i ahu mai i nga waikawa o tātai e kore e e roto i ngota hāora, engari titi te ingoa.

Hāora - hanganga rawa rāpoi

huānga matū Active ko te hau te huitahi, koreami me te akeake. tātai matū - e _2. karanga Whārangi hāora diatomic noa "hāora kōhauhau" ranei ranei "dioxygen." Kei taonga rāpoi ngota o rua ngota hāora e hono ana. He he ano hoki te muingota tënei o toru ngota - e _3. huaina ana tēnei taonga ko te pekerangi, ka ētahi atu kōrero e pā ana ki reira kia tuhituhia i raro. He rāpoi ngota ki e rua ngā ngota o te hāora kua he tohu o te piti hāora -2, mai te mea te reira e nehenehe o hanga e rua unpaired irahiko kotuari here. Ko te pūngao tukua nei te i roto i te ngota whāwehe (dissociation) hāora i roto i te rāpoi ngota he rite ki te 493,57 kJ / mol. Ko te he rerekētanga tino nui.

Ko te honohono, o te hāora, me te tohu o te piti hāora

I raro i te honohono, o te huānga matū i roto i te ngakau i tona kaha ki te tango i runga i tetahi maha etahi o ngota o ētahi atu āhuatanga matū. Ko te honohono, o te hāora, ko te rua. Ko te honohono, o te rāpoi ngota hāora rite hoki ki te rua, mai i te ngota e rua hono ki tetahi ki tetahi, me te whai i te kaha ki te tāpiri ki tona hanganga ara tetahi ngota o tetahi pūhui, i.e. hanga he here kotuari ki reira. Hei tauira, he muingota o te wai H ₂ E hua i roto i te hanganga o here kotuari i waenganui i tetahi ngota hāora, me te rua ngota hauwai.

kitea hāora i roto i tokomaha o nga pūhui matū mohiotia. He ara he momo motuhake o pūhui matū - waikura. Tenei taonga i whiwhi e te whakakotahi tata tetahi huānga matū ki te hāora. He rite ki te -2 te tohu o piti hāora o te hāora i roto i te waikura. Heoi, i roto i te tahi mau pūhui kia rerekē tenei ahua. ka atu anō e pā ana ki taua kia whakaahuatia i raro.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hāora

Pūnoa hāora diatomic ko te hau e kua kahore tae, kakara, me te reka. I roto i te āhua noa, tona kiato - 1,42897 kg / m ^3. Taumaha 1 rita taonga he paku iti iho i te 1.5 karamu, he taimaha atu ia hau i.e. hāora parakore. A, no te tahu, te dissociated te rāpoi ngota ki ngota.

A, no te tuku iho te pāmahana reo te ki -189,2 ^C. hāora taui te reira i tona hanganga i te haurehu waihā ki te wai. Ko te kupu i reira ko te whewhe. A, no te heke te pāmahana ki te -218,35 ^{° C} i reira he he huringa ki te hanganga ki te karaihe wai. I tenei hāora pāmahana ko i te puka o te tioata kikorangi.

I te pāmahana rūma, he torutoru wairewa i roto i te wai hāora - i runga i tona rita kotahi mō te 31 ritamano o te hāora. Memehatanga ki ētahi atu matū: 220 ml hoki te 1 rita o te ewaro, 231 ml hoki te 1 rita o te hauwaiwaro.

āhuatanga Chemical o te hāora

Mō te āhuatanga matū o te hāora e taea te tuhituhi i te Talmud. Ko te taonga tino nui o te hāora - ko te pitihāoratanga tenei. Ko tēnei rauemi he āpitihāora rawa kaha. Ka taea e hāora ariu ki tata katoa nga mea timatanga o te ripanga pūmotu mohiotia. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei pāhekoheko waikura e hanga e, rite kōrero mua. He hāora hāora i roto i pūhui ki ētahi atu āhuatanga e nui rite 2. He tauira o taua pūhui he wai (H ₂ E), te hauhā (CO _2), te konupūmā waikura, lithium waikura, me etahi atu. Heoi, i reira te mea he tetahi kāwai o waikura, ka karanga peroxides peroxides ranei. Ratou taa ko e reira ko te rōpū waikuratei "-E-o-" i roto i enei pūhui. whakaiti ana tēnei rōpū āhuatanga oxidative o e _2, na e te tohu o te hāora i roto i te hāora waikuratei ko -1.

I roto i te taha ki te whakarewa alkali kaha hāora puka superoxides superoxide ranei. Tauira o taua hanganga he:

• superoxide pāhare pāporo (KO _2);
• superoxide rubidium (RbO _2).

Ratou taa ko e te tohu o hāora o te hāora i roto i te superoxide ko -1/2.

I roto i te taha ki te huānga matū tino hohe - köwhai, whiwhi fluorides. I a ratou e te kōrero i raro nei.

tohu Higher o piti hāora i roto i te pūhui hāora

I runga anō i te aha rawa tali te ki te hāora, e whitu nga nekehanga o te piti hāora hāora:

1. -2 - i roto i te waikura, me ngā pūhui matū waro.
2. -1 - i roto i te peroxides.
3. -1/2 - i roto i te superoxide.
4. -1/3 - i roto i te ozonide pararopi (hāora triatomic pono - pekerangi).
5. +1/2 - i roto i te tai o te hāora te māraa.
6. 1 - i roto i te hāora monofluoride.
7. 2 - i roto i te hāora difluoride.

I taea te kite i te teitei te tohu o te piti hāora o te hāora tutuki i roto i te waikura, me, ngā pūhui matū waro, a fluorides kua reira te mana noa pai. E kore e taea te kawea momo katoa o taunekeneke i roto i te ara tūturu. Hoki te hanganga o etahi pūhui titau tikanga motuhake, pērā i te pēhanga tiketike, tiketike pāmahana, te rongo onge pūhui e kore tata e kitea i roto i te natura. A feruri i te pūhui hāora taketake ki ētahi atu āhuatanga matū: te waikura, fluorides me peroxides.

waikura whakarōpū i runga i ngā āhuatanga waikawa-turanga

E whā ngā momo o waikura:

• taketake;
• waikawa;
• kūpapa;
• amphoteric.

He hāora hāora i roto i enei momo o pūhui he -2.

• waikura Basic - he pūhui ki konganuku he āhua hāora iti. Tikanga, ka ähua ki te waikawa e whiwhi i te hāngai tote, me te wai.
• waikura waikawa - waikura nonmetal ki te nui rawa o te hāora. I tua atu taua o te wai i hanga waikawa.
• waikura kūpapa - pūhui e kore e e tomo ki tetahi tauhohe ki te waikawa ranei ki turanga.
• waikura Amphoteric - pūhui ki konganuku he uara electronegativity iti. Ko ratou, i runga i nga huru, ngā āhuatanga whakaatu me te waikawa me te taketake waikura rānei.

Peroxides, te tohu o te hāora i roto i te piti hāora o te hauwai me te tahi atu pūhui

huaina Peroxides pūhui hāora ki ngā konganuku alkali. E whiwhi ratou i te parariraa o enei metara i te hāora. He tino taikaha Peroxides ngā pūhui matū waro. kia hoki kia rite ratou i te absorption o waikura hāora. Tauira o peroxides:

• hauwai waikuratei (H ₂ E _2);
• waikuratei pārana (bảo _2);
• konutai hauwai (Na ₂ E _2).

Katoa o ratou i roto i te noa, ko te e roto i ratou rōpū hāora -OO-. Nā tēnei, te hāora i roto i te tohu piti hāora ko -1 peroxides. Ko tētahi o nga pūhui tino mohiotia -OO- rōpū he hauwai. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, tenei pūhui ko te puru ha ma wai. E ai ki o ratou āhuatanga matū o te hauwai he ofi ange ki he waikawa ngoikore. Mai -OO- hononga i roto i te pūhui he pūmautanga rawakore, ara i te pāmahana rūma, e taea te decomposed te otinga o te hauwai ki te wai, me te hāora. Ko te kaihoko oxidizing kaha, Heoi, i te tauhohenga ki te āhuatanga oxidizing hāora kaha kua tika hauwai waikuratei. Ko te tohu o te hāora i roto i te piti hāora o te hauwai, pera i roto i te tahi atu peroxides he -1.

Ētahi momo o peroxides he:

• superoxides (superoxides, i roto i nei hāora kua te piti hāora -1/2);
• ozonides pararopi (pūhui tino iu he i roto i tona anion hanganga ozone);
• molozonide (pūhui he i roto i tona hanganga, he here -OOO-).

Fluorides, te tohu o te hāora i roto i te hāora OF2

Fluoro - te mema tino kaha o te katoa mohiotia tēnei wā. Na reira, ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te hāora, me te hau köwhai ki kia kore waikura, me fluorides. E na huaina ratou no te mea kahore he hāora tenei pūhui, me te hau köwhai ko te āpitihāora. e kore e taea te whiwhi pūkōwhai i roto i te ara tūturu. Ratou anake synthesized e tiki feohi ki te KOH köwhai wai. E wehea fluorides hāora ki:

• hāora difluoride (O _2);
• hāora monofluoride (e ₂ F _2).

A feruri i roto i te taipitopito nui ia o nga pūhui. hāora difluoride i roto i tona hanganga ko te hau te huitahi ki te kakara kaha kino. Ki runga ki te meangiti whātatahia i roto i te wai kowhai. Ko te wai ruarua tairewa ki te wai, engari pai rangi, köwhai me te pekerangi. āhuatanga matū o te hāora difluoride - he āpitihāora rawa kaha. Ko te tohu o te hāora i roto i te hāora OF2 ko 1, i.e. i roto i tenei pūhui he āpitihāora fluoro me te hāora - te whakaiti i kaihoko. O ₂ Ko te tino paitini, atu i köwhai parakore me whakatata te tāoke o phosgene. Ko te whakamahi matua o tenei ahua o te pūhui - rite oxidizer mo te propellant, mai te hāora difluoride kore he taikaha.

hāora monofluoride i roto i te āhua noa ko te kowhai mārō. Ki runga ki rewa, hanga he wai whero. Ko te kaihoko kaha oxidizing, tino taikaha i roto i te whakapā ki ngā pūhui matū waro. Tenei āhua whakaaturanga pūhui hāora hāora rite ki te +2, i.e. i roto i tenei pūkōwhai mahi hāora pūhui rite te kaihoko whakaiti, me te hau köwhai - āpitihāora.

Pekerangi me ona pūhui

Pekerangi - he rāpoi ngota he toru ngota hāora herea ia ki tahi i te tahi. I roto i te āhua noa he hau puru. Ki runga ki tautauā te puka wai he tae puru hohonu tata ki te poropango,. Ko te totoka Ko te karaihe o te tae puru pouri. Pekerangi he kakara titohea, taea noatia ite i te reira i roto i te rangi i muri i te tupuhi nui.

Pekerangi, rite hāora mua, ko te āpitihāora rawa kaha. āhuatanga matū tata ki waikawa kaha. A, no te kitea ki waikura pekerangi faarahi ratou tohu o te piti hāora ki te hāora kukuwhatanga. Otiia i te tohu ano o te piti hāora hāora tuku iho. e kore e rite te kaha rite i roto i te e ₂ nga here ozone _{matū, kia} raro i tikanga noa, kahore te kaha e taea e tareka te reira ki te hāora ki te tuku o te pūngao wera. Ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana pānga i runga i te rāpoi ngota Ozone me ki whakaiti tukanga pirau pēhanga hāora diatomic exothermically whakatere. Ano, ki te he wāhi nui i roto i te te pekerangi, tenei tukanga taea hua i roto i te pahūtanga.

Mai pekerangi ko te piti rawa kaha, me te tata katoa tukanga e pā ana ki tona nui nui o e _2, na te pekerangi ko te taonga tino paitini. Heoi, i roto i te apa huru pekerangi runga nui te tūranga o te whakaata o te rā katinga.

No te mea pekerangi te whakamahi i mea taiwhanga hanga ozonides organic me inorganic. Ko te rawa iu i runga i te hanganga o te mea tenei, na ratou hanganga i roto i ngā āhuatanga tūturu e taea. E penapena Ozonides anake i pāmahana iti, mai i te pāmahana noa, he ratou tino paitini, me te taikaha.

Ko te whakamahi o te hāora, me ona pūhui i roto i te ahumahi

Nā ki te meka e i tetahi wa, kua ako kaipūtaiao, he aha te tohu o te hāora i te hāora i roto i te pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu āhuatanga, kei te whakamahia whānuitia reira me ona pūhui i roto i te ahumahi. Rawa i muri whakaaro te rautau waenganui-rua tekau i expanders matangirua - wae taea o tahuri hāora ki pūngao moe hangarau. Mai te hāora - tino pūkākā taonga, ka te whakamahia te reira i roto i ahumahi katoa te wahi ko reira e tika ana te whakamahi o te ahi, me te wera. A, no te tapahi me te fehokotaki'anga o konganuku e whakamahia hoki canisters ki hāora pressurized ki te whakarei ake pūrere fehokotaki'anga mura. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia hāora i roto i te ahumahi maitai, i reira i te e kōpeke tonu ₂ i roto i tiketike pāmahana oumu hau. He -2 te tohu mōrahi o piti hāora o te hāora. Kei te kaha tenei āhuatanga reira whakamahia mō te whakangao o waikura mo te whakaaro o te ngingiha atu, me te tuku i ngāwhā pūngao. hāora wai, Ozone, me ētahi atu pūhui kei roto i te nui o e ₂ mahi _te rite hāora propellant. hāora oxidized E whakamahia etahi matū rite explosives.

I roto i te ahumahi matū, whakamahia hāora te rite te kaihoko oxidizing i roto i pūhui waikawa-pūwaro, pērā i te waipiro, ngā waikawa me te rite. D. whakamahia te rongoā i te pēhanga iti mō ngā tūroro ki ngā raruraru pūkahukahu, ki te pupuri i te ora o te rauropi. I roto i te ahuwhenua, te whakamahia ngā pota iti o te hāora parakore mō te hua ika i roto i roto, mo te whakanui ake i te rahi o nga kararehe, me te rite. D.

Hāora - he kaihoko oxidizing kaha, i te mea faufaa ki te oraraa o

Runga ake ko reira he rota i tuhituhia e pā ana ki te mea he āhua pitihāoratanga ka tomo ki te tauhohenga ki ngā pūhui, me āhuatanga, he aha momo o pūhui hāora, i reira e, he aha ngā momo o te ora-te whakawehi, me i kore e hāora kua. noho mārama ai tetahi - rite i roto i te katoa o tona tāoke me te taumata tiketike o te piti hāora o te hāora ko tetahi o nga mea timatanga i te hunga faufaa ki te ora i runga i te whenua? Ko te take i to tatou paraneta ko te tinana rawa tautika, urutau nei te āta ki te matū i roto i roto i te paparanga kōhauhau. Kei te whai wāhi ia i roto i te huringa, e te mea e whai ake: pau te tangata, me te tahi atu kararehe katoa hāora me hua hauhā, me otaota i roto i te nuinga pau hauhā me te hua hāora. Kei te hono i nga mea katoa i roto i te ao, me te mate o tetahi hono o te mekameka e whati i te mekameka katoa. kia kore tatou e wareware e pā ana ki taua mea, ka tango i tiaki o te ora i runga i te ao rite te katoa, e kore e tika ona māngai takitahi.