Kaipuke ruku o Russia: History

Ka taea te pēnei Creation o te oko raro tuatahi i roto i te Russian Empire hoki ki 1921. Na, i te ture o Pita ahau kamura Russian Efimom Nikonovym i hanga ai te waka ruku tuatahi, i mohio te hītori o Russia. Underwater kaipuke o Russia, i whakaritea te hanga o nei mo nga senituli muri, hanga te nuinga i runga i te pepa, engari i reira he okotahi. Na, 50 submarines, hangaia e te mataaro pūkaha Polish-Russian i tukua i te tau 1879 ki te 1881 i roto i Russia S. K. Dzhevetskim, e, Heoi, mahi anake i te kaha uaua. Ko te hītori o te waka ruku kaipuke Russian hei wāhanga o te Navy o te whenua timata mai i 1906. Ko reira ka e haina te Emepara Nicholas II he tikanga i runga i tona whakatū. I taua wa, i te Russian Empire, i reira i 10 mua.

Te hanga i te kaipuke waka ruku

I te tahuri o ngā rau tau XIX-XX. i roto i te ārahitanga o te Russian Empire timata ki mārama matau te hiahia ki te waihanga i tona ake submarine hōia. I meinga tenei i te hiahia mo te whanaketanga angitu o te taua ahumahi te pahi i roto i Europa, me i te United States. whakapono kau taki wāhanga te pahi e kia hanga te kaipuke ruku Russian i te utu o te production ke. Wāhanga o te whakaaro e kia whai i te Russian Empire ona ake hangarau me hinonga mo te hanga o mua.

Ko te take whakatakotoria i roto i te whakahaere te pahi, ko te kore o te hoko mo te supply o mua US whawhai i roto i Russia. I muri i hanga e whakatau ki te hanga kāinga o te submarine kaipuke Russian.

powered te kaipuke whawhai ruku tuatahi e te pūkaha penehīni, i whakarewahia ai i te 1904. Ko tenei kaipuke i te kaipahua "Dolphin", hoki e mohiotia ana te tau kaipahua 133. "Dolphin" i he painga i runga i ratou ritenga ke. I ia te mua o 113/135 m, whakawhanakehia ki te tere o te 9 knots i runga i te mata, me te ki te 4.5 wae i te wai. A, no te kei i raro i te wai koe neke te kaipuke i te utu o te pūkaha hiko, me te taea hanga ngā marau whānui o runga ki te 28 maero.

Heoi, ko reira mai 1906, me te hainatanga o te emepera tikanga motuhake i runga i te whakatū o te piha haapiiraa motuhake o kaipuke - submarines, a faaoti ki tatau ratou hītori. Kei te tino whakawhanakehia tere ahumahi te pahi o te whenua i roto i nga tau e haere mai ana. Kua i te 1917, ngā submarine kaipuke Russian o te Navy o 73 oko subsea.

Ko te whanaketanga o te kaipuke ruku i roto i te USSR

takoha tau i Revolution me te Pakanga Civil katoa o ahumahi te pahi te whenua o te tata e nuu mō tau ki te haere mai. Anake i roto i te tau 1926, ka tangohia te reira i te mahere e hāngai ana ko ki whakahauora te waka ruku kaipuke kotahi kaha Russian. Ko reira i haamata tenei wa te faaho'iraa mai o tauira tawhito, me te hanga mea hou. Na, te tuatahi o katoa whakaratohia reira mo te waka ruku-momo "Decembrist" poti. E ono o enei kaipuke i tukua i roto i te tau mai. whakakapi ratou te koroheke "Pae" a i i taua wa āhuatanga e kore e tukua mahi o ngā tauira ke. Ko te kupu, ka taea e te waka ruku Soviet tae tere ki runga ki te 14 knots, me te whai ina tauihi ana whānui me te hawhe ki te toru mano maero. I tua atu, i ratou e ono korere tōkiri me taea hāngai ake ki te 53 iwi. E kore e te take iti rawa i roto i te whanaketanga angitu o te pahi i roto i te whenua, a ka i whakaritea ki te pou o te matenga o te hoahoa kapeneti mataaro pūkaha pūmanawa B. M. Malinina.

E tano ia tapao e kua te Soviet Union kua mahi tahi kaha i roto i te mara o te pahi ki Germany. Na, ki te pīkau i mua "Decembrists" i ora ai i Germany diesels. I tua atu, kua whakaratohia tohunga German āwhina hangarau i roto i te tukanga o te hanga i te waka ruku-momo S. whai ratou i te āhuatanga whawhai tiketike, a mātātoa whakaurua i roto i te Soviet Navy. I tua atu ki te displacement nui - ki te 1073 taranata - submarines o te piha haapiiraa C taea tae te tere o 19.5 kono, me te hanga ina tauihi ana ngā ki 8,200 maile. E hoki ratou e ono tautuhinga tōkiri.

ko paetae Special o te pahi kāinga i taua wa te hoahoa me te hanganga o te momo waka ruku He K. te reira i te täoro faahiahia, arā, o tekau korere tōkiri me teihana reo irirangi kaha tino. I tua atu, i te waka ruku K-momo aunoa rumaki pūnaha mana mamao me te emersion. Ka taea e tae te reira i tere o runga ki te 21 knots, me te whānuitanga o tona kauhoe miharo noa aravihi maha - ki 14.040 maile.

te wā kaumātua

āhuatanga te whanaketanga o te ahumahi te pahi i roto i te wā kaumātua e te peke nui i roto i te taputapu hangarau o mua, he whakapai ake nui i roto i to ratou mahi. Mua production pou-pakanga nohoia nui tere hohonu rumaki nui haere, he maha nui o korere tōkiri. I tua atu, i te nui haere mua o mua, me te roanga o motuhake navigation.

Heoi, ko te raruraru nui nga poti pūrere diesel-hiko. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, kaihoahoa i ki te hanga i te nekeneke kotahi mo e rua te kaukau freeboard me raro.

Otiia, i roto i tenei wā timata matou ki te whakawhanake i ruku whānui moana. Ratou, me ki te moana, e rua momo o oko submarine ngā. i taea ki te kia whakaratohia i tetahi wāhi i roto i moana o te ao, me te ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi maramarama reira submarines Soviet.

Heoi, tonu faatiti'aifarohia te raruraru i ki te kaha ki te parepare i te kaipuke ka kīia e tiketike, me te te hiahia mō ngā pikitanga auau ki te ako atu i te pākahiko, me te whakahaere i supply rangi. Ahakoa tenei, i muri i te pakanga, i te Soviet Union he painga motuhake i runga i te tahi atu mana, tae atu te hunga o te United States, te kounga me te nui o oko raro hangaia. Ko te kupu, ko te painga i kua tutuki i roto i taua āhuatanga nui rite tere, hohonu rumaki, ngaio, me te waka manawanui.

Mai te hawhe tuarua o te 50s. tīmata te whenua he wā hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te waka ruku te pahi. Na te whāinga matua o te ahumahi te pahi ko te hanga me te whanaketanga o mua pere karihi moana-haere. ko enei poti, i hea i roto i moana o te ao, take whakaeke pere karihi i runga i te tūranga rautaki nui hoariri. I rite rawa hoki ratou ki te tikanga o te tōkiri tiaki.

Ko tētahi atu momo o te submarine ko te oko multipurpose e i hanga i roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i te mahi torotoro, me te tautiaki, me te ki te mahi ki submarine karihi, ki te kawe i roto i te whakangaromanga o kaipuke hoariri me oko waka.

Creation o submarines karihi-powered

Creation o te waka ruku karihi i roto i te 1958 whakatuwheratia i te taumata hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te waka ruku te pahi. Nā ki te pahi raruraru Karihi mo te ngoikore o te oko raro i raro i te wai kua radically kitea he rota o te wā. I tua atu, kua tukua te whanaketanga o submarines karihi ki te whakapiki ake i tino te tere o to ratou ake ahunga whakamua hei runga i te wai, me te i raro i te wai.

kua Whakakapi i te kaha pūkaha o te kaipuke kua malu'aki mai hoki te wa roa. i taea ki te kawe i roto i maha mua ruku raro e tika ana ki tona kaha iti motors hiko, ahakoa te meka e kua pai ake tonu ratou. kihai i te whai hua te nuinga i roto i to ratou mahi i te engines penehīni. A haunga, ka meinga ano hoki te hiahia mō pikitanga auau he hiahia tamau ki te kapi supply rangi.

Tuatahi kaipuke ruku karihi i hanga e te Soviet Union i 1958, ko te K3 "Leninsky Komsomol". hanga tohuwāhi oko i roto i 1955. I te reira i te tau nui o mea kohakore. E rave rahi o te wāhanga o tona hoahoa kua hanga rawa hoki ia. Ko te kupu, e kore kua te paerewa kua whakamahia mō te submarine takere, engari i hangaia i te reira na taua e whakanui ona āhuatanga whakatere waka i hoki reira. I roto i te tirohanga o tenei, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki, o te akoranga, te pūrere karihi, ki te whakamātau i te kaipuke kua tae te tere o 28 knots. Ano, kihai i taea te pai tenei hua, kia rite ki nga rauemi poti e kore e whakamahia i te kaha tonu. ngaro ahau ia, kua rite kua tuhia, me mea kohakore, me ngā āhuatanga unreasoned. Na, i te waka ruku kahore punga, generators diesel e manawapa me whai wāhitanga ki te paruru ia ratou. A haunga, i ia iti pōhēhē a.

Heoi, kia tuhia te reira e te rawa hanga hoki tukua ona whakatakotoranga ki te whakangungu i te mau melo heke mai o te waka i mua i tona whakaputanga me te tahuri ratou ki ngaio, a i taea ki tonu i muri i te hanga te whakatutuki i ona mahi submarine karihi-powered. Russian submarine karihi kaipuke whakahohea reira ki te pupuri i te tūranga ārahi o te ao i roto i te USSR me paruru i tona motuhake i roto i te 90.

Ko te whanaketanga o te ahumahi i roto i te-doma 70-90.

I roto i te mutunga o te 60 o - wawe 70-doma. timata matou ki te whakawhanake i tētahi pahi hopu tuarua-whakatupuranga. E āhuatanga ratou e te auau nui o te tere, pai ake mahi ora. Kua Underwater oko whakatupuranga tuarua rawa ki te pūnaha rangi ventilation iahiko hei utu o tawhitotia matū mōrearea. E hoki ratou ake te patu hiko.

I roto i te wā i te tau 1967 ki te 1992 i toru tipu i hanga 48 submarines karihi te whenua o. Mai i 1973 ki te 1982 whakaputaina te Soviet Union i 18 mua diesel-hiko, he tangi-te ngongo rapa whare pani. Kua tino nui haere tenei auaha ratou tino kinongia. I tua atu, hoki atu te kakama ki runga ki a ratou hou e nga paerewa o taua wa, i tāutatia engines diesel.

Mai te wawe 80-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga, ka anga matou ki te hoahoa me te whakawhanake i te toru o nga whakatupuranga o oko raro. Motuhake, me o ratou āhuatanga matua he rākau ake mātanga, me te tino nui haere te mua o te oko. I tua atu, kawea mahi i waho, me ki te whakapai ake i te pahi hopu puku, me ki te whakapai ake to ratou rapunga o te hoariri. Ko te tere o taua kaipuke i taea e ki runga ki te 35 knots. tikanga ora ake me te waka. Hoki i rite rawa submarines ki ruma faaora, i whakaaetia i roto i te take o te ohotata ki te rave i te katoa hōneatanga o te waka o te kaipuke, kei roto i te āhua raro.

E tano ia tapao submarine Kaupapa 941 "Akula", i te mea te oko ruku nui i roto i te ao. anga Production i roto i 1981, a na nga 90 wawe 'ko ratou tau 6 nga wahi. Ko te pūtake o ratou patu i te 20 nui o ona missiles totoka-wahie atawhai. I tua atu, i rite rawa enei submarines ki whare taumata-maha kaha.

te wha-whakatupuranga ruku, whakawhanakehia mai te mutunga o 70-doma., i roto i te 90. kore pai whakawhanakehia e tika ana ki te parariraa o te USSR me te pūtea raruraru o 1998. Violence i, Heoi he painga nui, i nga kitea i roto i te hohonu o te rumaki (ki runga, ki te 400 mita) me te mahi haruru iti ratou hanganga.

Modern kaipuke whakatakere Russian

kaipuke ruku Russian i hakari ngā o 76 submarines o momo rerekē me ngā take. I roto i te rohe o to ratou tono rite te wahi o te whakangaromanga o ngā taumata raro me kaipuke, me te whenua whakangaro rautaki ngā nui o te hoariri. Tenei ngā submarines diesel, me submarines multipurpose karihi, me te submarine pere ballistic, me te waka ruku whakaaro motuhake.

Ko te pūtake i ai he mema o te waka ruku kaipuke Russian, hanga poti i i hanga i roto i te wā Soviet. Heoi, kia tuhia te reira e muri i te wā uaua i roto i te whenua tae noa ki tīmata te timatanga o nga 2000 ki te whakahauora Russian kaipuke ruku karihi.

kau fakasio pere o whakaaro rautaki

He wahi nui o te mana hōia, e tohu ana te kaipuke ruku Russian, ake submarines karihi 667BDRM kaupapa "Dolphin". I roto i te taviniraa ki te whenua kua tēnei wā e ono oko taua. no katoa o ratou ki te Fleet Northern. Hoki riri taimaha ki nga poti hoariri e 667BDR kaupapa "Kalmar". Kia aroha mai, i teie nei te hinga Russian, i reira e toru anake taua submarines, te tata tino o nei i tukua ki te wai i roto i te 1982. E tohatoha ēnei mua i roto i te ahopae Kiwa.

kaipuke ruku Russian i roto i 2014, me te whakamanamana i te aroaro i roto i tona hanganga, i te iti rawa wāhanga kei roto i te rāhui, submarines karihi o kaupapa 941 me 941UM "mango." Hei tauira, i roto i te tāruru Northern kua TC-208 cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy".

submarines karihi multipurpose

Ko te hanganga o te waka ruku kaipuke Russian hoki ngā-whakaaro maha submarines karihi tino whawhai-ahei. He submarines o Project, 971 "Pike-B" kanapa ratou māngai. Ratou mahi, ko te ki te whakangaro mua, kaipuke mata me ngā taumata whenua. Kei te rākau o te riri o ratou torpedoes me missiles ipu. He enei submarines i roto i te Northern tāruru (6 mongamonga) me te Kiwa (5 nga wahi).

kia nui te mana multipurpose submarines karihi o te Russian Federation ake te kaupapa waka ruku 949F "Antey". I te kau e tohaina ratou i waenganui i te Northern me Munuwao Kiwa. Ratou tau tae 8 nga wahi.

Hei tiro i ēnei kaipuke pono fakamamahi totohu i roto i 2000 ruku K-141 "Kursk". Ko te ati nui o te kaipuke ruku, e matau ana te hītori Russian hōu. submarine kaipuke Russian, Waimarie, i te wā nei, ko te āhua nui atu pakari atu i roto i te tīmatanga o te 2000. Ka āta whakarite tēnei e kore e kia tukurua hapa me ati o te mua.

Northern Fleet, i roto i era atu mea, kua nga submarines Kaupapa 945 "Barracuda" ko 945F "Condor", oti te mana hōia, i ko te Russian Navy. 2014 kite te whakarewa o hou K-560 "Severodvinsk". Tenei kaupapa poti 885 "yasen" riro te whakatutukitanga hou o te pahi kāinga. E ai ki ngā mahere o te faatereraa te whenua o roto i 2020 whakamaheretia enei kaipuke te ki te whakaputa i 8 nga wahi.

submarines Non-karihi

Ko te nui rawa i te maha o ngā tirohanga o te submarines diesel-hiko o Project 877 submarines e "Halibut". Ko ratou i roto i te mahi ki te Munuwao Northern, Kiwa me Moana Black. He maha ngā momo o tenei kaupapa. Ano, whakamahere te submarines Black Moana Fleet ki te faaî i te kaupapa 636,3 - B-261 "Novorossiysk" ngā o 5 nga wahi.

I mua, i reira i nui mahere mo te whakataki o nga poti hoahoa pūnaha whawhai 677 "Lada". Heoi, whakakitea whakamātautau āputa nui i roto i te hoahoa ruku, kia i nga tohunga ki te hanga huringa nui.

Ētahi momo o mua

Underwater US Navy ko Russia, rite matau tatou, ko te pūhui o te submarines kaha tino i roto i te ao. Heoi, i roto i nga whenua e rua, utua nui aro te ki te hoahoa me te hanganga o te taputapu motuhake raro. Ko te kupu, e te waka ruku kaipuke Russian hou submersibles faaora Kaupapa 1855 "Paraihe". Kei te mohiotia te reira e anake te kaipuke Te Tai Tokerau ngā tekau submersibles tohutohu rerekē, e kua tukinotia rite taputapu whakaora me te rangahau.

I roto i te kaipuke tino pai mohiotia-o taua pūrere kia whakahuatia ai AS-12 "Losharik" ahei o pa nui rire ki runga ki te maha kiromita. Na, tenei pūrere i roto i 2012 i mahi mahi rangahau i roto i te Arctic i te hohonu o te 2 kiromita.

Tuhinga o whanaketanga o te ahumahi

Ahakoa te heke o te whenua i roto i te ''90, tino kaha e pa ana i te pahi raro, ka taea e tatou te mea e ki te timatanga o nga 2000. timata te āhuatanga ki te huri i āta. I tua atu, i reira he he popularization o te kaipuke ruku, whakanuia te rā fakangalongata'a. Na, i roto i te 2006, ka tahuri 100 tau submarine kaipuke Russian, i muri nei i roto i nga pa maha tū whakanui me whakatuwheratia i roto i Ufa submariners Monument. I tua atu, i te whenua tau whakanui submarine Russian i runga i 19 Maehe. popularized te hītori o te kaipuke Russian me riro tūmatanui. Mahi kairuku tohoakii maha ngā ākonga.

Heoi, matua kia hāngai te whanaketanga o te ahumahi rite te katoa i runga i te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā momo hou o mua. Ko te kupu, e 2020 te whakaritea reira ki te hanga i runga ki te maha pinepine o mua hou. Kei te whakaritea te reira ki te hoahoa i tētahi putanga whakahoutia o Project 677 "Lada" ki te whakamahi o hou tipu te mana. Ka penei te reira he taahiraa nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te te pahi ruku kore-karihi.

E tano ia tapao e te faufaa ai'a o te Soviet Union i te puka o mua tawhito āta tuhituhia atu, ka whakakapi e te whakaaro hou. Ko te kupu, i roto i te kaupapa whare taonga kaipuke ruku Russian i waihanga submarine B-396 CDB AU "Rubin". ko ia wahi o te Northern Tāruru Russian ka mahi tae noa ki 2000.