Kaipuke utanga me ratou whakarōpū

hāngai Tetahi whakarōpū o te marae motu kei te matua i runga i to ratou whakaaro. Whakaröpütia kaipuke utanga i roto i te taua. E wehea civilians ki arumoni, waka no ki te kaipuke, me te mahi hangarau, me te tautoko.

waka

Enei oko utanga Ko te matua matua o te awa me te kaipuke moana. E hangaia ratou ki te kawe i te whānuitanga o utanga. Tenei rōpū he ona ake whakarōpū ā-: kaipuke utanga, utanga me motuhake. Mau, i reira he taraka utanga me te utanga maroke, a ka whakauru enei he momo o te whakatū marae me ngā momo.

Ka kia whakaaro taipitopito ia o enei momo, tae atu ki ngā kawe nuinga, whakaaro whānui me te motuhake mō te e mau kawenga tino tautuhia. Hangaia hoki whānui utanga oko waka - whakaaro General. no ratou ki te momo tino noa.

oko utanga maroke

oko utanga nuinga maroke - kaipuke reira ki noho katoa o ratou te wahi matua wāteatea mau. haere mai ratou i roto i te kotahi, rua, me te trohpalubnymi, i runga i te rahi o te oko rānei. te tikanga utu te ruma pūkaha diesel whakato pūkaha, kua tū ai rānei i roto i te kai ranei neke ofi ange ki te ihu o te utanga te tokorua mau. Hoki ia mau kaipuke utanga kaupapa ngā ona ake pao, ranei ara kotahi, katia mihini.

āpiha utanga ngā körere ranei pere takitahi ki te kaha o runga ki te tekau taranata, a ka kua rite rawa kaipuke taimaha ki atu kaha - ki runga ki te rua rau taranata. Kua paemahana Modern oko utanga moana mau hoki taonga pirau, me tāke hohonu mō hinu kai wai. Ko te awa oko utanga maroke, ahakoa o te rahi me te kaha e whakaratohia ki tetahi anake mau utanga, i te mea māmā ki te kawe i roto i utanga me ngā mahi tangotango.

Kooti motuhake

Ka taea te wehea taua kawe nuinga ki ngā rōpū i runga i te pouaka, tauaru, kaipuke ipu, kaipuke rakau mo te waka o waka, utanga nuinga, kararehe, me te rite. waka paemahana o kai pirau - hua, ika kai ranei. Ko te utanga mau - mātao pono, wae te pouaka, whakarato tautauā tonu i te pāmahana o te rima nekehanga ki haunga te rua tekau-rima. e kore e taea e refrigerators Modern te pupuri anake te pāmahana, engari ano ki te hanga mīti tere, kōrero ratou ki te hanga me te waka pouaka. kaipuke utanga maroke mō te kawe hua, e whakaratohia ventilation whakarei o te mau katoa.

āhuatanga Hangarau o nga oko utanga whakarato ara kaha ki runga ki te tekau ma rua mano taranata, tere o taua kawe nuinga runga ake i nga oko-whakaaro whānui, kia rite ki ngā kai pirau, me te kia rapua e te tuku arä. taraka ipu kawe i te mua tākai taonga i roto i te ipu kotahi i tekau ki te rua tekau taranata ia, me te oko ano whakaara ake e rua tekau mano taranata, me nuku ka kīia e o runga ki te toru tekau knots. Ipu hohoro a ngāwari utaina, ka wetekina ana e tika ana ki te meka i taunga te rahoraho ipu e ki te whākinga whānui o mau. Nuinga o ngā wā, he kāpeka te utanga me unloading whakaurunga - cranes gantry. Rakau - he ahua o te ipu, tenei waka papa-ka karanga mama, kua tukua e ratou i te oko tika ki te wai, ka tōia ki te Quay.

Trailers

Oko o tenei momo ki te rā i nga mana moana katoa, ka rite ki tenei mahi kaha, nohopuku, a ka taea ki a koe kia hohoro te utanga o me te unloading - e pā ana ki tekau nga wa tere atu i runga i nga oko kahore e i rite rawa ki ëtahi motuhake, e utaina ana tika kawemai me te kaweake o te kaipuke. whanaketanga ahumahi kua tino whakawhānui, ka whakakaha hokohoko i waenganui i nga whenua, ko reira tika i teie nei ki te kawe i runga i tawhiti hanga taputapu roa, ahuwhenua, transportation. Moana me te utanga awa kaipuke e kore i taea te pai te mahi i taua mahi.

Trailers e mau ana utanga i roto i ëtahi, e kua hurihia noa ki te mau. Trailer Raukaha - i te mano ki te tekau mano taranata, a tere - ki runga ki te rua tekau-ono knots. Ko te momo i tenei ra tino whaihua, me te rere o te kaipuke utanga tenei. Kei te whakapai ake tonu ratou. He maha ëtahi i roto i te tua ki te utanga i roto i te mau e taunga ki te kawe ipu i runga i te rahoraho o runga. Taua oko ara ka tona ingoa - i te apiti mai.

bulkers

waka utanga nuinga oko motuhake - kawe nuinga. kia tokahuke me aro ore, waro, maniua, rauemi hanga, witi, me te rite tenei. Neke atu i te whitu tekau ōrau o te utanga katoa kawea e utanga maroke hanga reira te moana ara awa ranei nuinga, a na reira kei te tipu haere te maha o ngā waka tere: tenei ra, neke atu i te rua tekau ōrau o te mua o te kaipuke ao no ki tenei momo.

E wehea kawe nuinga ki te ao, no te kawenga taimaha, me mo te marama. E urutau maha oko mo te whakaaro rua: ki - ore hoki - te hinu ranei waka, ranei miro, mea katoa. Tenei momo o - tinana kotahi ki superstructure me te engine ruma i roto i te kei marae. Raukaha ratou nui noa - ki runga ki taranata kotahi rau e rima tekau mano, ko te tere, ko te iti - ki runga ki te ono ngā kōpuku. E kawea taonga i roto i te mau ki te piki taiepa mo te utanga selfdistributed - a taroa a crosswise. I waenganui i te flange me nga taiepa tank whakaritea mo te wai whakataimaha. I te tahi taime mau e hanga bulkheads ahopou i roto i te ki te whakaiti i te pukapuka, ki te neke i te kawenga, ka hangaia te rua o nga papa i te ngā, me te kuaha thickened mō te ngāwari ngā mahi utanga.

taraka

E wehewehea tenei momo o te marae ki taraka mo ngā hua hinu, te hinu masivesivá, hinu wahie, diesel wahie, penehīni, karahīni; i runga i LNG; e mau ana ngā matū oko - whanariki whakarewa, waikawa, me te rite; Transportation o utanga wai - te wai, waina, sima. Ko te nuinga noa i roto i te ao taraka: neke atu i te wha tekau ōrau o te mua kaihokohoko kahupapa o te ao. Tenei oko kotahi-rahoraho, superstructure me te pūkaha ruma kei aft.

wehea wāhanga Utaina e bulkheads ki compartments, ka karanga tāke. Etahi o ratou tavini rite te wai whakataimaha i runga i te ara hoki. I runga i te ruma ihu papu kei te. taraka Ko te tino ahi mōrearea, pera rawa ki te pūnaha tiaki ahi kaha. kaha Utaina o te mano toni i te Distributors ki runga ki te wha rau mano taranata i roto i supertankers - kaipuke nui o te ao. taraka awa e mau ana kaha kore te he ano hoki, i reira etahi ki te tekau ma rua mano taranata. Ko te freighters tino kaha ano hoki tenei. Whakaahua runga ake - waka kura moana, me i te raro - te awa.

LNG

Enei kaipuke kawe hau liquefied - mewaro, pōwaro, pūwaro, haukini, me te hau tūturu, he tino rauemi raw me wahie pai. Ko te tikanga hau liquefied ranei ranei mātao pressurized ranei. Ko faufaa rerekē i te taraka kaupapa LNG no te mea whai ratou ki te haumi tāke porotakaroa - whakapae ranei poutū, porohita ranei tapawhā. Me kia tino pono noho motuhake i runga i taraka LNG.

kawea ngā mahi utanga i na tikanga o te pūnaha motuhake, e ngā papua, compressors, putorino, me te tank takawaenga. e kore e tāke whakataimaha i roto i te mahi ki te tango i mahara ki, engari no te mea kei te rite rawa ai ki runga ki te taha ranei i roto i te raro rua. Ko Gas transportation tonu taikaha, na reira ko te pūnaha ventilation me te hau turuturu whakaoho kaha. Whakanoatanga ahi puta te whakamahi i te hauhā. I tēnei wā, ko te tono o te piha haapiiraa ngā o kaipuke e mo te moana me te transportation awa ko te tino pai - waho rere kau. Heoi i reira hlopkolesovozy, obo me oko rite.

RS-300

Mai i 1967 ki te 1984, te tuarua i roto i te toru shipyards puta USSR seiners 388M momo kaupapa "RS-300 Cargo kaipuke". i hanga e wha rau e waru tekau-ono taua seiners, tae atu te hunga e nga marae hī, hī, keri. I tua atu, i runga i te pūtake o tenei kaupapa ngā kua toru tekau-toru oko rangahau (rite te rongonui "itoito") puta. e pā ana ki te hawhe tatini taua oko mo te wa roa mahi mō ngā take o te rangahau pūtaiao.

A, no te mutu te Soviet Union ki te tīariari, kua ngaro te hiahia hoki ratou, te tahi mau kaipuke i roto i te ringa tūmataiti, me te nuinga o ratou kua mahi tona, a tu ta'e ngāue. Toe i roto i te hī retrained. I roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti taua oko i roto i te moni iti ki runga ki ngā tau tata nei mahi matou i roto i te Taitapa Guard. Ko te RS-300 hī puku puritia manu me inaianei.

tetahi atu whakarōpūtanga

I tua atu ki te whakarōpū i whakaaro e taea te wehea ki oko utanga i runga i ētahi atu whenua. Ko te parau tumu o te wai te pupuri, rere rohe, te momo o te pūkaha, nekehanga puninga parau tumu te koroke, te rauemi me te āhua o te whare tenei. te pupuri i te parau tumu e taea e hydrodynamic - hydrofoils, airbag, tōtika me te hydrostatic - waka topaki, displacement (hourua).

tuwhatuwhaia kaupapa parau tumu te marae i roto i te whaiaro - he tipu te mana, okeoke - he mahi pusher me tugs, me te whatanga - pontoons, ū wāhanga. E ai ki te rohe whakaterenga taea e kaipuke taiea naval, whakauru (awa-moana) me te mo uta whakatere (awa). Tata hangaia mō flights poto i runga i ngā arawai uta. momo pūkaha Main tuwhatuwhaia oko utanga i runga i nga kaipuke (ngingiha ā engine) me te diesel (nekeneke). I te Navy submarines karihi, me te hoki te tono turbohody. wehea Kooti i runga i te āhua o te hurirere i runga i te wira, taringa,, vodomotnye, me propellers me parirau. kia Momo rauemi tinana whakarewa, kaka kōata, raima, rakau. Hoki, kia te marae whaiaro-tīhokatia a kihai (te Waka Papa).

rererangi utanga

rererangi utanga whakamahia ki kore kawe pāhihi, me te whānuitanga o ngā taonga me te hangarau. Ratou tonu a ngāwari e mohio ara titiro kāhore. whakaturia tiketike parirau, te matotoru o te takere, ko mārama papai te takere, etahi "stockiness" (kia kua piri ki te whenua mo te ngāwari utanga, me te unloading nga taonga). He maha nui o wira i runga i te tahuhu, he loloá tiketike.

timata hoki Air utanga i roto i 1911 - ki te wāhitau. Ētahi atu kaupapa motuhake, o te akoranga, i kore, i reira e ratou anake i roto i te pia ma. hangaia te rererangi katoa-utanga tuatahi i roto i Germany - Air 232. I mua e utaina ana kawea paku taunga "Junkers". E hanga manureva e i runga i ngā kaupapa motuhake mō te utanga e huaina freighters. e kore e ratou hangaia mō ngā pāhihi.

Ko te kawe utanga nui rawa

Tenei taniwha rere - AN-225 ( "Dream") whakawhanakehia i roto i te Antonov Hoahoa Bureau i 1984, ka mau te rere tuatahi wahi i roto i te tau 1988. Shestimotorny turbojet vysokoplan, dvuhkilevoe hiku me te parirau kahakina i ki te hanga i te kaha-fatongia ki te kawe wahi o te waka whakarewatanga ki te pae whakarewatanga. Ko te hōtaka wāhi Soviet "Buran" Ko tā te whakamahi o tenei rererangi ngā e he taea ki te whakaara ake i te rua rau e rima tekau taranata.

Lockheed C-5 tupuni - airliner utanga American whanau i roto i te 1968, ko te pōti utanga hōia, nehenehe o te wā kotahi kawe ono kawe kaimahi Armoured, e rua tāke, BMP-wha, e ono waka topatopa "Apache". Hughes H-4 Hercules - he tino kaha pākiki 1947 tīmatanga, te parirau ko iwa tekau-waru mita. Na ko reira te whare taonga rererangi, mai i hanga te reira i roto i te kape kotahi. Boeing 747-8I - rererangi Combi, tukua ki production i roto i 2008. Whakaarahia ana e ia e wha rau e wha tekau-rua taranata i takeoff, engari atu i te utanga i runga i te poari e tata e ono rau ngā pāhihi.