Katoa te whakatuwheratanga Mendeleev

pūtaiao Russian Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) te pai mohiotia hoki tona ture wā o ngā āhuatanga matū, kua te tepu kua hangaia i runga i te pūtake o i nga maheni ki ia tangata tonu i te kura ratou. Otiia i roto i te meka, i hiahia i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā wāhi o te matauranga te kaiputaiao nui. Mendeleyev Discovery e pā ana ki te matū, te ahupūngao, metrology, ohaoha, tātai, mātauranga, aeronautics me t. D.

ture wā

ture Periodic - tetahi o nga ture taketake o te natura. takoto te reira i roto i te meka e te āhuatanga o ngā huānga matū whakawhirinaki i runga i to ratou taimaha ngota. kitea Mendeleev te ture wā i roto i te tau 1869. Tino tika ratou revolution pūtaiao mohio i nga Utaina e i kotahi.

Kua whakaarohia kairangahau Russian te pūnaha pule'i ture-, i roto i nei i reira taea ki te matapae i te unknown ki nga mea timatanga matū, me te ara ratou taonga. I muri ratou whakatuwheratanga hohoro (ko reira he gallium, germanium me konutaketake), timata pūtaiao i huri noa i te ao ki te mohio ki te āhua taketake o te ture wā.

ka mau kitea o Mendeleev wahi i te wa ka taonga pūtaiao i te meka hou marara e pā ana ki te ao huri noa ia tatou. No te mea o tenei, kei te anga ture wā ka hanga i runga i te pūtake o tona tepu wā o huānga tamataraa nui. Hei tauira, i roto i te 1890. I kitea te reira i te haurehu pai, me te āhuatanga o te ira. Te parururaa i tona ariā tonu Mendeleev ki te whakarei ake i te tepu, tiraa i te reira ki te meka pūtaiao hou katoa. I roto i te 1900, hoatu te kēmihi hauhauhā, haumāmā me o ratou analogues i roto i te rōpū motuhake o te kore. Neke atu i te wa, te āhua tumu o te ture wā i nui noa atu te etahi hoko, me tenei ra kua whakaaro ia tetahi o nga āhuatanga nui i roto i te aamu o te pūtaiao māori.

rangahau magnesium

ture Periodic - he whārangi tino nui i roto i te aamu o te pūtaiao, engari te kitea o Mendeleev i matū kihai i reira te mutunga. I roto i te 1854 ako ia orthite Finnish me pyroxene. Ko reira ano hoki tetahi o nga huringa o mahi o Mendeleyev i oti rawa ki te matū o silicates. I roto i te 1856, whakaputaina te pūtaiao tuhituhinga "rōrahi motuhake" (rite i reira kua aromatawaitia te hononga i waenganui i te nui o te taonga, me ona āhuatanga). I roto i te pene i runga i pūhui takawai whakawhānuitia Dmitry Ivanovich i te āhua o silicates. I tua atu, e ia te tuatahi hoatu he tikanga tika o te tītohunga kāwanatanga waiwai.

hau

kua kite wawe o Mendeleev i pā ana ki tētahi atu matū, me te tinana i te wa ano i te kaupapa - te ako o hau. whai wāhi te pūtaiao i roto i reira, horomia i te rapu mo nga take o te ture o te periodicity. I roto i te rau tau XIX i te mara o te pūtaiao i kua te ariā ārahi o te "Etera ao" - te reo katoa-puta noa i roto i i whakawhitia wera, te marama, me te mahara.

Ma te haapii i tenei whakapae, ka haere mai kairangahau Russian ki etahi fakamulituku mahu'inga. Ko te kupu te kohao i roto i te ahupūngao wā, te matua o e taea te huaina te ahua whārite hau pai ki te tamau hau ao. I tua atu, i whakaarohia Dmitri Ivanovich ake tauine te pāmahana wera.

whakaputaina 54 mahi i oti rawa ki haurehu me te wai Tapeke Mendeleev. Ko te rongonui tino te "ariā ao Experience Etera matū" i roto i tenei huringa (1904) me te "He ngana ki te matau i te aether matū ao" (1905). I roto i to ratou mahi, kua whakamahia pūtaiao virialnye whakaaturanga, me te reira whakatakotoria nga turanga o whārite hou mō hau tūturu.

rongoā

I hiahia i roto i te rongoā puta noa i tona mahi pūtaiao Dmitri Mendeleev. Kairangahau i runga i tenei kaupapa kihai i waiho i te ariā oti, engari iti ki te torutoru otinga taketake. Ko te wāhi tino nui e pā ana ki te rongoā whakaaro ia ratou hononga ki te pūhui, te matū me te taurite matū i roto i rongoā.

whakamatauria ratou katoa Mendeleev whakatuwhera i roto i tamataraa. Etahi o ratou ira koropupū āwangawanga o te rongoā. Na roto i miro tātari ngā haere mai Mendeleev i te tau 1860 tau ki te mutunga e, haere i raro i Reflux kohu, ngaro wai wera o vaporization me te mānukanuka mata ki raro ki te kore. Ano, pūtaiao Dmitri Ivanovich o rongoā te awe te hanganga o te ariā o rongoā kawehiko.

Mendeleev tino o i puta i roto i tona wa e pā ana ki te ariā o te dissociation -hiko. Te kore whakakahore i te ariā rawa, tohu te pūtaiao ki te hiahia mo tona whakahounga, i pā hāngai ki tona mahi i runga i te rongoā matū.

Koha ki aeronautics

Dmitri Mendeleev, ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakatutukitanga e hipokina ngā ao o te matauranga tangata, e kore e hiahia anake i roto i te kaupapa ariā, engari hanga tono ano hoki. I tohua te mutunga o te rau tau XIX e nui haere moni i roto i te aeronautics mäharahara ana. O te akoranga, e kore i taea e te akonga Russian te āwhina engari whakarongo ki te huru o te heke mai. I te tau 1875 i hanga e ia tona ake stratospheric kaupapa. I roto i te ariā, ara i taea e te pūrere piki ki te papa kōhauhau o runga. I roto i te mahi, ka mau te rere taua tuatahi wahi tau e rima tekau noa i muri mai.

Ko tētahi atu tenenga Mendeleev i mahi i runga i te engines poihau. Aeronautics kaipūtaiao hiahia, e kore iti rawa i roto i te pā ana ki ētahi atu tona mahi e pā ana ki te mātai huarere me te hau. I roto i te 1887, i hanga Mendeleev he rere whakamātautau i roto i te poihau. whakahaere poihau ki te taupoki ana i te tawhiti o te 100 kiromita i te teitei o tata 4 kiromita. I roto i te kēmihi rere riro ia he aerostatic mētara koura French Academy o Meteorology. I roto i tona pepa i runga i te parenga o te take taiao, Mendeleev whakatapua aeronautics tetahi o ngā wāhanga i roto i i whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito ana whakaaro i runga i tenei kaupapa. moni Scientific i roto i ngā whanaketanga rererangi pionie Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

Ko te whanaketanga o te Te Tai Tokerau, me te pahi

kitea Applied Mendeleev o, te rārangi o e taea tonu rite taua i roto i te mara o te pahi, i hanga i roto i te mahi tahi ki te haerenga rangahau matawhenua. Na, te tuatahi e whakaarohia Dmitri Ivanovich te whakaaro o te kukume tank - tatūnga whakamātau hiahiatia mō ngā akoranga hurihiko-pūkaha o tauira kaipuke. I roto i te whakatinanatanga o ngā whakaaro o tenei pūtaiao i tauturu Admiral Stepan Makarov. I runga i te ringa kotahi, e hiahiatia ana te poka wai mō ngā take arumoni, me te hōia-hangarau, engari i te wa ano, kua whakamatauria reira pai ki te pūtaiao. Whakamātau huinga-whakarewahia i roto i 1894.

I tua atu, hanga Mendeleev he tauira wawe o te Icebreaker. ngā te pūtaiao i roto i te kōmihana whiriwhiria e te kaupapa mo te whakarato tūmatanui o te tuatahi i roto i te ao o te kaipuke taua. riro ratou i te Icebreaker "Ermak" whakarewatia i roto i te 1898. whai wāhi Mendeleev i roto i te rangahau o te wai moana (tae atu tona kiato). Ko te rauemi mo te ako o reira whakarato ana te taua katoa, Admiral Makarov, ko wai i roto i te haerenga o te "Vityaz" ao. kitenga o Mendeleev i te matawhenua, te mea i raro o te raupatu o te Te Tai Tokerau, i te aroaro ki pūtaiao i roto i neke atu i te 36 mahi whakaputaina.

metrology

I tua atu ki te tahi atu mau ihi, Mendeleev hiahia i roto i te metrology - te pūtaiao o te tikanga, me ngā tikanga o te ine. Kei te mahi Scientists ki te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi hou o te taimaha. Ka rite ki te kēmihi, ko ia he kaikorero o ngā tikanga ine matū. kitea o Mendeleev, te rārangi o te mea i whakakiia nga tau, kihai i pūtaiao anake, engari mooni - i roto i 1893, ka uakina e Dmitri Ivanovich te Main Chamber o Weights me Russia. Ia whakaaro ano ona ake hoahoa me te detent rocker.

pyrocollodion

I roto i te 1890, ka haere Dmitry Mendeleyev i runga i te haerenga roa noa atu, te whakaaro o i ko ki te kia maheni ki taiwhanga ke mo te whanaketanga o explosives. ka mau te pūtaiao ake tenei kaupapa ki te take o te kāwanatanga. Te Admiralty i ui ia ki whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te paura pakihi Russian. Ko te initiator o te haerenga Mendeleev ko Vice-Admiral Nikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev whakapono e porohodelii kāinga hiahiatia te nuinga ki te whakawhanake i te taha ōhanga me te arumoni. Ia onoono ano i runga i te whakamahi i roto i te hanga o ngā rauemi raw anake Russian. Ko te putanga matua o te mahi o Dmitri Mendeleev i roto i tenei rohe ko te whanaketanga o ratou i roto i 1892, te pyrocollodion hou, nui hoki tona auahi. whakamoemiti tohunga Military te kounga o te explosives. Ko te pyrocollodion taa ko tona hanganga, e ngā te memehatanga e pängia ana o nitrocellulose. Teuteu te hanga o te paura hou, hiahia Mendeleev kia hoatu a reira i te flatulence ähuareka. Ki te mahi i tenei, i roto i te hanga o explosives tauhohenga atu, tae atu katoa o tāpiritanga i whakamahia.

ōhanga

I para tuatahi, e kore e te kitenga o Mendeleev i koiora metrology ranei e pā ana ki tona whakapakoko o te kēmihi rongonui. Heoi, i oti rawa ara mamao atu i te pūtaiao rangahau pūtaiao ki te ōhanga. whakaaro ratou Dmitry Ivanovich i taipitopito nga ahunga whanaketanga o te ōhanga o te whenua o. Hoki i roto i te tau 1867, i hono ia te rōpū kāinga tuatahi o kaipakihi - te Society mo te Whakatairanga o Russian Ahumahi me Trade.

kite Mendeleev te heke mai o te ōhanga i te whanaketanga o ētahi motuhake me ngā hapori. Kua auraa tēnei ahunga whakamua whakahounga motuhake. Hei tauira, whakaaro pūtaiao ki te hanga e kore ko te hapori tika ahuwhenua, engari he mahi wheketere pukumahi i roto i te wā hotoke, ka e kau nga mara. whakahē Dmitry Ivanovich resales me ngā puka katoa o te nounou. I roto i te 1891, whai wāhi ia i roto i te whanaketanga o te Customs mua hou.

Protectionism me te tatauranga taupori

Mendeleyev, taumarumaru iho ana whakatutukitanga i roto i te momo nei ngā āhuatanga i roto i te mara o te matū, ratou akoranga ōhanga katoa whakahaere ki te whakaaro tino mahi o te āwhina Russia. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ko te pūtaiao he protectionist ōrite (e, mo te tauira, kitea i roto i ana mahi i roto i te ahumahi, me te porohodeliya tona ake pukapuka ki Tsar Nicholas II).

ako Mendeleev e whäriki economics e tatauranga. Taimi nounou ki mu'a tona matenga ko ia i roto i tetahi o ana mahi tohu ia i roto i taua i roto i 2050, taupori o Russia o 800 miriona iwi. ka te matapae o te kaipūtaiao te utopia i muri i te pakanga e rua ao me te pakanga ā-iwi, tāmitanga, me te tahi atu ati i patua te whenua i roto i te rau tau XX.

refutation o fa'ahikehé

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te XIX rautau Russia, rite te toenga o te ao, kahakina te ahua mo te mysticism. Korero hohonu aroha o māngai o te hapori nui, o Bohemia i me noho tāone noa. Na, ko te kitea o Mendeleev i roto i te matū, he rārangi o e ngā o huinga o ngā, taumarumaru iho te roa tona pakanga ki te spiritualism ka rongonui.

tikanga pūtaiao kitea tahi nga waka ki hoa i te Russian Physical Society. Na roto i te raupapa o ngā ki manometer me koeko tepu, me te tahi atu taputapu hypnotists faaoti Mendeleyev e spiritualism me rite ngā mahi - karakia anake, e pai i Kamupane me pupirikana.