Kia pehea te maha pūira i roto i te tangata?

Pūira - huānga hanganga me te mahi o te karihi pūtau, kei roto i te ira. Ko te ingoa "pūira" ahu te i te kupu Kariki (chrōma - Whaitae me Soma tae - tinana), ka tika ki te meka e i roto i te wehenga pūtau, ratou puai poke i roto i te aroaro o ngā waikano taketake (hei tauira, aniline).

He maha kaipūtaiao, i te timatanga o te rau tau XX, ua feruri hohonu i runga i te pātai: "hia pūira i roto i te tangata." Na ka whakaae te katoa "feruriraa" tae noa ki 1955 e te maha o ngā pūira i roto i te tangata, ko te 48, arā, 24 takirua. Ko te take e Teofilus Peynter (Texas mataotao) hetia kitea ratou i roto i ngā wāhanga raho preparative o te iwi nei i castrated e te whakatau te marae (i roto i te 1921). I roto i te heke mai, te tahi atu pūtaiao whakamahi tikanga ine rerekē, kua tae mai ano hoki ki tenei whakaaro. Ahakoa whakawhanakehia he tikanga mo te wehenga o te pūira, kihai nga kairangahau i wero te hua o te Painter. Kua kitea Scientists he hape Albert Levan a Joe Hin Tyo i 1955 e tika kiia, e hia o pūira takirua i roto i te tangata, ara - 23 (ki te whakamahia te tātai hangarau atu hou).

Kei roto tinana me ngā iroriki ngā pūtau he huinga rerekē o pūira i te momo, e kore e taea te mea e pā ana ki te āhuatanga morphological o pūira, e he tonu. pūtau Somatic e rererua (diploid) e wehea nei ki te rua o ōrite (huirua) pūira e te hunga rite i roto i te Morphology (hanganga) me te nui. Ko tētahi wāhanga o te tahi atu tonu o tona papa - te take whaea. Taihemahema ngā pūtau tangata taua (tohuhema) e haploid (kotahi) huinga o pūira. Ki te tango tuu tahi ratou i roto i te kotahi kākano karihi huinga haploid o tane me tohuhema wahine kikiritanga. Tenei Kia whakahokia te huinga rua. Ko taea ki te mea ki te tino te tini o ngā pūira i te tangata - ratou 46, me 22 takirua o autosomes me tetahi rua o kotahi - pūira sex (allosome). rerekētanga Sex e - e rua (ira hanganga) morphological me hanganga. I roto i te tinana wahine Kei te rua gonosom X pūira e rua (XX-rua), me te toa - kotahi X- me Y-pūira (XY-Pair).

Morphologically, pūira puta i roto i te wehenga pūtau, e rererua ratou (ki te haunga o ngā pūtau iroriki i roto i nei puta tuaruatia ai). maha nga wa tenei toutou te, otiia e kore e te huringa i roto i te huinga pūira kitea. Ko te pūira tino kitea i tetahi o nga wāhanga o te wehenga pūtau (metaphase). I roto i tenei wā te pūira kanohi e rua ngā ōna wahia (tuahine chromatids), e taper me e ngā i roto i te constriction pera-ka karanga tuatahi tsenromery (pūira huānga honohono) ranei. telomeres ka karanga o nga pito pūira. Te hanganga pūira tangata DNA (deoxyribonucleic) e encodes ira ngā i roto i to ratou hanganga aroaro. Ira, i roto i te tahuri, hoatu mōhiohio e pā ana ki tetahi tohu ngā.

Hia pūira e whakawhirinaki te tangata i runga i tona whanaketanga takitahi. He pērā mea rite aneuploidy (huringa i roto i te maha o ngā pūira takitahi) me polyploidy (tokomaha o huinga haploid neke atu i diploid). Ko te whakamutunga o te maha ngā momo: mate o ngā pūira huirua (monosomy) ranei te ahua o ngā pūira anō (tātoru - kotahi anō, tetrasomiya - rua anō, me ētahi atu). Ko te putanga o genomic me pūira irakētanga, e taea arahi ki ngā āhuatanga pathological pērā i tenei katoa: Raro syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner Shereshevkogo me ētahi atu mate.

Ko te kupu, hoatu ana e anake te rau tau rua tekau whakautu ki ngā pātai katoa, a inaianei e hia pūira i te tangata e matau ana nga tangata noho mātauranga o palanite ko Māmaní. Ko runga i te aha e waiho te hanganga o te 23 o ngā pūira (XX XY ranei) takirua, tei reira ki runga ki te takoto o te tamaiti, a ka mea i whakaritea i te kikiritanga, me te pūruatanga o te pūtau takoto wahine, me te tane.