Ko te pūnaha io o manu. Ko rerekē i te pūnaha io o ngā ngārara te pūnaha io o manu?

Manu ko te rōpū nui rawa i roto i te vertebrates. He noa i roto i te rauwiringa kaiao katoa o to tatou paraneta ratou, a tae noa noho etahi wahi o Antarctica. He aha te mea te hanganga o te pūnaha io me whekau rongo o manu? He aha e ratou āhuatanga? Ko rerekē i te pūnaha io o ngā ngārara te pūnaha io o manu?

Birds piha haapiiraa

Birds - te rōpū tino momo, me te maha o vertebrates. I roto i te natura, te mahi e ratou he wāhi nui rite te hono i roto i te mekameka kai. kai manu pepeke, a ratou, i roto i tahuri, whangai i runga i whāngote. I tua atu, he nui hoki ngā mahi tangata ratou - e muia ratou mo to ratou kai, hua, huruhuru, ngako.

He neke atu i te 10.500 momo o manu hou, me te pā ana ki 20.300 momo. He noa 789 momo i roto i Russia. Ko te āhuatanga matua o tenei piha ko te aroaro o nga parirau me te empennage, e hipokina te tinana o te kararehe. Ko te tikanga matua o te transportation mō ngā momo maha ko te rere, ahakoa kahore etahi parirau e mahi i tēnei mahi.

Ko te kaha ki te rere kitea i runga i nga tohu o waho, me te ā, e roaa te manu te piha haapiiraa. io, kūnatu me whekau romahā o te hanganga rerekē i te tahi atu kararehe. Hei tauira, i ratou e rua ngā momo o te manawa, te mana pākia me te utu hau.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o te pūnaha io i roto i manu

Ko te tikanga ngā o raru kei roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tinana, me te i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te roro pūnaha io. mahi tata enei hanganga katoa ki ia atu. tohu ratou he tikanga kotahi e regulates te mahi o ngā pūnaha katoa o te tinana, me te he kawenga mo te whakautu ki whakaohooho o te taiao.

Ko te tinana o te pūnaha io i roto i manu hanga ake te pūnaha pokapū io (roro me te ua) me te wāhanga piringa (raru, raru o te roro, me te ua). He te hanganga o te roro ritenga ki vertebrates, ahakoa te wehe i etahi āhuatanga reira tino.

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha io me whekau rongo o manu mana'o pā hāngai ki to ratou mahi. Ko te manu i te tikanga pai o te pauna, me te ruruku, e tika ana hoki ki a ratou rere. hanga tenei ratou tino nukarau i roto i te rangi.

whangai te nuinga momo i runga i te kai pūkoro. Ahakoa te mea i te pepeke, ika, kiore ngokingoki ranei, pakau nui ki te whakatere i te wāhi me te whai kite pai, rongo me te tere tauhohe. Mana kawenga mo enei mahi, whakawhanakehia i roto i pai manu.

roro

Ētahi atu rau tau ki mua i whakapono ai e kore e ahei o ngā mahi matatini manu. hoatu mua Ludwig Edinger te ariā e ratou roro hanga ganglia basal, e he kawenga mō instincts me mahi ohie. I muri ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua i te pūnaha io o manu he tino rite ki te tangata.

Nui rawa tari roro he forebrain. Kei a ia ko e rua tuakoi ki te mata maheni, ki tonu karihi subcortical. Ko ratou kawenga mō te takotoranga mokowā, whanonga, kahui, kai. E hono tuakoi ki te roro tuarongo makona nui, e mana ruruku.

Medulla Ko wāhanga o te kakau roro. Tenei tari te kawenga mō ngā mahi nui mo te ora o te manu: .. Blood tohanga, respiration, nakunaku, me ētahi atu kei te pai whakawhanakehia te midbrain, ngā reira o rua puke, e he kawenga mō te tukatuka mōhiohio māna, me te ataata.

Manu i te repe nui, engari he underdeveloped ratou repe pineal me midbrain. raru Tapeke cranial - 12 takirua, engari ma tahi o te mamaoa wehea te paku i te tekau.

ua

Ko te pūnaha io pokapū o manu hoki ngā te ua. Mai i te roro wehea te herenga. Roto reira i reira ko te irava kōhao pokapū ranei. Runga ake tiaki te ua e toru kiriuhi - he ngawari, arachnoid me mārō, i te hongere pokapū wehe ratou inu cerebrospinal.

I roto i te lumbar me peke rohe o te filosilivá taura o manu te mea he thickening iti. Here i reira te mahuetanga raru e kua hono ki te wahi mua, me te hata. Ko te kupu i hanga plexus papatoiake, me te brachial.

I roto i te rohe lumbar te hongere pokapū he kohao whakarara rite whakawhānui, e hipokina te takotoranga kiko tūhonohono. Ko te manga o te lumbar me brachial plexus ua kawenga mō te mahi o te wahi tēnā.

Rerekē ngārara

akomanga e rua he teitei vertebrates, a ki runga ki te hanganga o te manu o te pūnaha io tino rite ki ngārara. Heoi, i reira e nui ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou. Ko rerekē i te pūnaha io o ngā ngārara te pūnaha io o manu?

Manu me mea ngokingoki i te taua wahi o te roro. Ko te rerekētanga kitea i roto i te rahi o enei tari, e pā nei te ki te ara rerekē o te ora o te kararehe. Reptiles i 12 o raru whakawhānui i te roro takirua, me o ratou ua he thickening i roto i te tuarā pokohiwi, me te lumbar.

whakanuia te pūnaha io o manu e matua e te rahi o te roro, i te mea nui ki runga ake i nga roro o ngā ngārara. Ko tona taimaha 0.05-0.09% (e taimaha) i roto i ratites me 0,2-8% i te māngai o te manu e rere. Kiri forebrain o manu ko te toenga toetoenga ranei. Reptiles He pai whakawhanakehia e tika ana ki te takanga o te kakara taihemahema.

I roto i te manu, e kore te mea rite te pai whakawhanakehia-ko te tino rawa kino tikanga o kakara, me te haunga o momo e whangai i runga i te kai i te tikanga fakasekisualé o kakara. Rua ngā akomanga o te wähanga nui o te tinana forebrain whakahekeheke i hanga i te raro. Ko ratou kawenga mo te tātari me te whakautu ki te mōhiohio taumai.

rongo

Iti whakawhanakehia-rongo o manu - kakara me te reka. He uaua te nuinga momo ki te wehewehe kakara, me te haunga o konihi, pērā i te ekara American. Food reka tautuhi nga puku reka, e kua kei i te turanga o te arero, me te i runga i te mangai. hiahia motuhake to ratou, kia rite ki te kai kei te waiwai tika horomia.

Kei receptors tūturu i roto i ngā wāhi rerekē. Ko ratou kuao kau Grande, Herbst Merkel ranei. I roto i te tahi mau momo, kua tū ratou tata nga whenua o huruhuru nui i runga i te kiri, me te rite i roto i tona aau no ngutu. Otereti hoki tenei i reira he huruhuru motuhake i runga i te ngutu, i roto i kautü e me te pārera receptors e kitea i roto i te taputapu kauae, kaka - i runga i te arero.

Best o manu katoa whakawhanakehia titiro, me te rongo. hipoki o ratou taringa e ki huruhuru, a ka haere mai poto o te taringa. ngā ratou o nga primordia taringa roto, waenganui, me te waho. Ko te tūtohutanga ki te oro e pai ki whāngote maha ratou. I roto i te otereti, salaganov, oilbirds i te kaha ki te pāoroorotanga. poroiwi whakawhanakehia o te taringa roto whakarato manu he tikanga pai o te toenga.

Manu i koi kitenga karutahi (karurua cos y). Ētahi e taea ki te kite i i te tawhiti o tetahi kiromita. Ko te kanohi i te āhua papatahi, me te tirohanga whanui. He hohekore ratou, na maha i nga manu ki tohatoha tona matenga. I roto i te tahi mau momo, te koki o te tirohanga o 360 nekehanga. tauhohe te etine noa ki te marama hihi katinga, a ka taea arotahi ngāwari ki a koe kite noa i raro i te wai.

maramarama

I roto i tona hītori roa o manu kua whakaaturia te kaha ki te mahi ki ngā āhuatanga uaua, ki te hanga tātai me ki kia auaha. E taea e ki te rokiroki me te tākaro hoki oro rerekē me ngā kīanga o te reo tangata ratou.

Hoki ratou manu hiahia maha whakamahi taonga rite taputapu. Hei tauira, he rakau iti rapa taea te tiki e ratou ngārara i roto i te kiri o te rakau. whakamahi hurori Woody mō enei take tarakina o cacti me kua ako etahi ki te hanga ratou ake taputapu.

Birds hohoro nui urutau ki te taiao. Hei tauira, ako tits ki paoa rua i roto i te tapo'io te o ipu waiu, a ētahi wā noa kopere ratou. Momo e whangai i runga i ika, i ētahi wā maka ki te maimoa teka hāroto ki kukume taonga.

Raweni toutou maka he nati i runga i te whenua, kia rite ki te roa rite kore e whatiia reira. whakaarahia tiketike i roto i te honu rangi huru humarie huna i roto i te anga ekara mo te whakaaro ano. Ētahi manu ki te wahi i te hanga anga, maka kohatu ki a ia.

mutunga

Manu i te pūnaha io atu whakawhanakehia rite whakaritea ki ngokingoki. Ko nui nui i roto i te rahi, e taea ai e koe te mahi i ngā mahi matatini ake, ki te whakaputa i ngā momo matatini o te whanonga, me te ki te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē i te roro.

Ko te pūnaha io o manu ngā o te roro, ua, me kotahi tekau ma rua o te raru takirua. Well whakawhanakehia mua, wahi waenganui o te roro, me te roro tuarongo, e pā nei te matua ki te kaha o te manu ki te rere.

E ratou rongo pai, me te kanohi. E kitea e ratou maheni kore anake ki a matou te tae, engari ano hoki te marama hihi katinga, a ka whai etahi i te kaha ki te pāoroorotanga. Kei te tino painga whakawhanakehia reka me te kakara. A tuu i receptors tūturu kei roto i ngā wāhanga ngā o te tinana, i runga i te momo rānei.