Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te positivism: te ariā, puka, ngā āhuatanga

Positivism i roto i te kaupapa ko tetahi o nga rārangi o te whakaaro. I whanau ia i roto i te 30-40 tau. whakaaro te rau tau whakamutunga, me tona kaiwhakarewa te Ogyust Kont. Ko whānui rongonui, me te noa i roto i te wā hou tēnei aronga. Ko tona ahua taketake te whai.

Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te positivism

māngai matua: Comte, Spencer, Mill me etahi atu.

Ka rite ki Comte whakaaro ia te tautohe i waenganui i idealists me materialists horihori no te mea kua kahore take nui reira. He kaupapa e hiahiatia ana, me te takahi ki runga i ia atu, me te, e hāngai ana anake i runga i pūtaiao (pai) matauranga.

Tēnei tauākī tikanga e:

1. Knowledge ki kia tino pono, me te tika.

2. Hei whakatutuki i te matauranga o te kaupapa, ko te ki te whakamahi i te tikanga pūtaiao o te hinengaro, ki te ara matua whiwhi e - ko reira he mātakitaki tëtehi.

3. Ko te kaupapa, ko te ki te whai wāhi i roto i te rangahau anake ki te meka me kahore ratou take, a ki te feinga ki hei sverhnaukoy, "te kuini o sciences," outlook ariā whānui.

I tua atu, whakaarohia Comte he ture i runga i te kukuwhatanga rua. tāutuhia e ia e toru ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga hangarau (tuku iho, i mua-ahumahi, me te ahumahi pāpori), e hāngai ana ki toru ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga hinengaro (karakia ranei minita, te metaphysical me te tirohanga pūtaiao). Heoi, anake whakatakotoria nga turanga i positivism Comte, e atu nei ake, tāpiri me te haere tonu ki te whakawhanake hoki o te tahi atu mau philosopho ki tenei ra.

Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te positivism: Empiric

māngai matua: Mach, Avenarius.

Here te mahi matua o te kaupapa ko kore ki te hanga i te pūnaha katoa-awhi o te matauranga tëtehi, me te hanga o te matauranga pūtaiao i roto i te ariā. Rerekē Comte, whakapono nga māngai o tenei wā e ko te reira e tika ana ki te kore mahi i te pikitia kotahi o to tatou ao, me te whakatūnga o te mau parau tumu, me ari tikanga i roto i nga hinengaro o kairangahau.

Ko te ingoa "Empiric" titau faaino o te ao o te wheako rite te kaupapa i mohio hoatu i roto i te puka o tauākī me kīanga. Kei te tata e pā ana tenei aho o positivism ki haratau, rite ki nei te mau parau tumu pūtaiao whānui ko te hua o te kawenata herenga.

Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te positivism: neo

māngai matua: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, Russell.

Ko tētahi atu ingoa mō tēnei wā - positivism arorau. whakaaturia ona kaiwhakatū tona whāinga te pakanga ki te tirohanga metaphysical. Ko te kōhanga tīmata he matauranga pono kua kite ratou i roto i nga meka me ngā, ranei "raraunga tikanga." Kua te ariā o "objectivity" Kua whakakapi e te ariā o "pūtaiao" rite te tuakiri. Ko tenei wā o te whanaketanga o te positivism tīmataria arorau, e Akoranga tauākī matatini, e taea e rānei teka ranei pono, horihori ranei.

Ko te kaupapa o neopositivists tātari hei te tikanga o nga tohu, me nga kupu i roto i te whānui, e ko, reo, arorau, raruraru hinengaro, i i nui faufaa mahi me te pūtaiao i roto i te hanga o ngā pūrere rorohiko.

Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te positivism: postpositivism

māngai matua: Lakatos, Kuhn, Popper, Feyerbend.

I raro i postpositivism matau maha ariā e kua puta mai te haapiiraa tumu o Comte o empirio-faaino me te neo. utua ngā aro te māngai o tenei wāhanga o te tikanga kouma o te matauranga.

Ko te kupu, kia rite ki Popper, te hua o te matauranga e taea anake te tutuki i roto i te tukanga o te kōrero kouma rite te faaino tamau o te ao ngā. Ia tohe ano e pūtaiao whakahura i ngā āhuatanga e kore e whai ake nei i te meka ki ariā, he whakapae ki te tauākī kotahi.

Positivism rite te au taumauri i kua he pānga nui i runga i te huarahi o e rua tikanga ā, me te taiao (rawa i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau whakamutunga).