Konutai waihā: tātai, āhuatanga me te tono

Ko tētahi pūhui matū nui synthesized rōpū nui tau alkali he konutai waihā. Taua rongonui tika reira e tika ana ki o ratou āhuatanga. konutai waihā, e tātai - NaOH, he faufaa arumoni nui ki te tangata o. A feruri i te taonga ake.

History o te kaihoko kitea

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o te pūhui i runga i te āhuatanga rite reira konutai waihā, puta noa i roto i nga wa onamata. Ahakoa te Bibilia Kei etahi mōhiohio e pā ana ki te taonga neter tangohia i ngā roto Ihipiana. Hai ko te konutai waihā tenei.

Aristotle, Plato me ētahi atu philosopho Kariki me Roma tawhito me pūtaiao tuku hoki taonga nitrum tangohia e te i Faarii māori, me te hokona i roto i te puka o nga wahi nui o rerekē tae (pango, hina, white). I muri i te katoa, kihai i nga tikanga o te maimoatanga ano e matau ki tetahi mea, na te hononga motuhake i waro, e whakapoke, kihai i reira taea.

I roto i te 385 BC, kua whakamahia hopi-hanga. Ko te tukanga e hāngai ana i runga i te konutai waihā i whakamahia. kihai i te tātai ano mohiotia ai mo te tino, engari e kore e whara ki te tango i te reira i te pungarehu o te tipu o te puninga Salsola, i ngā roto, me whakamahia mō te horoi tūemi whare, horoi, hanga ngā hopi.

Paku muri ako Arab ki te tāpiri ki te hua hinu faufaa, kakara. Katahi ka ko te hopi he kakara pai, me te ahuareka. timata te reira i te whanaketanga kaha o ngā tukanga hopi hanga me hangarau.

Tae noa te rau tau XVII, konutai waihā, nei āhuatanga e whakamahia i roto i te ki tonu, rite te pūhui matū noho unstudied. Ko tōna ngā ki taua matū rite konutai, waihā , konurehu pākawa waro, te konutai. huaina katoa o ratou i kawakore waihā.

pūtaiao i muri Duhamel du Monceau taea ki te whakamatau i te rerekētanga i waenganui i enei matū a wehea ana ratou e ki alkali me te tote. Mai konutai waihā me te ko tona pono, me te tonu ki tenei ra te ingoa.

taitara taurite

Me kï reira e te ingoa o tenei taonga e kore ko te taua, me te he maha ngā taurite. Ka taea te whakaritea te katoa 6 kōwhiringa rerekē:

• konutai waihā;
• konutai waihā;
• konutai waihā;
• alkali konutai;
• caustics;
• alkali waihā.

konutai waihā , huaina tenei pūhui ko roto noa, me te ahumahi. He tika atu te kōtuitui matū ki te mea konutai houra konutai waihā ranei. tonu te taua te tātai. Ko te ingoa tino mau - caustics. Ko te pai i roto i ngā o matū ingoa nomenclature nahanaha he konutai waihā.

Ko te tātai matū me te hanganga rāpoi

Ki te whakaaro te te taonga i te hi'oraa o te matū, ka ngā reira o rua katote: konutai te māraa (Na ⁺⁾ me anion waihā (OH ^-). Whakapā ia atu e tika ana ki hiko matūriki attraction raznozaryazhennyh, enei katote hanga konutai waihā. tātai tëtehi o te puka ko NaOH.

i hanga Gidroksogrupp here neke kotuari i waenganui i te hāora me te hauwai, te puritia ai reira ki here katote konutai. Kei te tino dissociated te otinga alkali ki katote, he kawehiko kaha.

tikanga Laboratory mō te whakaputa

tikanga Industrial me taiwhanga mo te faaineineraa o te konutai waihā tata taiawhiotia. E mea pinepine i roto i te rahinga iti e whiwhi i te reira e te tikanga matū me te iahiko i roto i ngā waeine iti atu i roto i ngā wāhi ahumahi. He ton o te taonga whakaputaina e te taua tikanga ki koroni nui o ngā pūtau.

He maha ngā tikanga taketake mo te kōtuitui o waihā i roto i te taiwhanga.

1. tikanga Ferritic. Kei a ia ko e rua ngā wāhanga matua: te sintering tuatahi i raro i tiketike pāmahana konutai pākawa waro me te waikura rino (III). Tenei hua konutai ferrite (NaFeO _2). I te wā tuarua, kua whai wāhi ai ki te wai, me te decomposes ki te hanga i te konutai waihā me te i konatunatua ki te rino te wai (Fe ₂ E ₃ * H ₂ e). mimiti te hua otinga konutai waihā te ki i tioata ranei tawerewere ma. Ko tōna viivii ore i pā ana ki 92%.
2. tikanga kotakota. Tauhohenga Ko te pāhekoheko i waenganui i konutai pākawa waro me te konupūmā waihā (kotakota slaked) ki te hanga i te konupūmā pākawa waro, me te waihā. whakahaere te tauhohenga te i te pāmahana ^{o te} 80 C. Mai te tīwharawhara tote hua, kua wehea reira ngāwari. mimiti te otinga toe i ki te hoatu i te konutai alkali.
3. Ko te HWM me te tikanga mō te whakaputa i te membrane. I runga anō i te mahi o te wae electrolyzer. i mahi ai te reira i otinga o te tote noa (NaCl), electrolyzed nei ki te hanga i noa o te māota haurehu waihā me te hanga konutai waihā o te hua e hiahiatia ana. Ko te rerekētanga i roto i enei tikanga he i ka ko te tukanga HWM matua wahi hanganga o te pūrere, he HWM o papa kiripaka (pitoiho). A, no te wehea te wāhi tikanga HWM pitoiho me te pitoake e te membrane motuhake.

Ko te kupu rite i roto i te taiwhanga me te konutai waihā, te kōwhiri i te kōwhiringa tino watea i roto i ngā rauemi. Ko ia, rite ki te tikanga, iti pūngao-kaha.

Synthesis i roto i te ahumahi

Pehea Ko te taonga taua i roto i te ahumahi, pērā i te konutai waihā? hua wai me te totoka konutai waihā te nuinga i te tikanga iahiko. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i-iahiko o te otinga o te halite kohuke māori, te nuinga o nei i hanga i te konutai pūhaumāota.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o tenei kōtuitanga ko e te i-hua ki te konutai waihā he māota haurehu waihā me te hauwai. kawea te tukanga i roto i roto i tetahi o nga kōwhiringa e toru:

• HWM hoki iahiko pitoiho totoka;
• o te pitoiho mēkuri wai;
• membrane ki te pitoiho mārō.

Ko tonu te nuinga o te konutai waihā whakaputaina i roto i te ao e whakaputaina e te tikanga ki te membrane. Ko te alkali hua rerekē te taumata feunga nui o te viivii.

tono

He maha ahumahi i roto i nei te konutai waihā tūturu. E hāngai ana te tono i runga i ona āhuatanga matū, me te tinana, hanga tenei pūhui mahuinga i roto i maha whāiti me ngā tukanga.

He maha ngā wāhi matua te wahi konutai waihā - he āhuatanga whakahauanga.

1. Kei te whakamahia hoki ki te whiwhi; matū hanga (te kōtuitanga o hākawa, kuleioni, te ngako, hanga o muka, konumohe waikawa, ki te whakaputa i ngā hua, he mea parakore, hei whākōkī i roto i ngā tukanga maha, he taonga taketake ki te haamou i te waikawa me ratou waikura hāngai: i roto i te matū tātari te whakamahia hoki te ine ero konganuku parakore, he maha tai o te tahi atu turanga me ngā pūhui matū waro).
2. I roto i te pepa hanga, mo te maimoatanga o te rakau penupenu (rakau taonga tikanga o lignin).
3. Ko hoki te mahi ohaoha tangata mahuinga konutai waihā. He tino nui te whakamahi o maha teretere me ngā hua horoi i runga i taua mea. Hopi, hopi riro - e kore te mea kahore waihā tenei katoa.
4. Kei te hiahiatia hoki te kōtuitui o biofuels.
5. Tono i runga i te tauine motu mo te purenga me te neutralization o matū paitini, pānga i runga i te tinana.
6. Production o ngā rongoā me te raau taero.
7. ahumahi Food - hua rare, tiakarete, koukou, ice cream, monamona, tae, oriwa, pōhā parāoa.
8. I roto i te cosmetology mō te tango i hinonga ke (kiore, kiritona papilloma).
9. Whakamahia i runga i inu i te kava, me mira tupeka.
10. I roto i te ahumahi pueru.
11. Glass: tae, noa, me ētahi atu optical.

Ko reira kitea e konutai waihā - he taonga tino nui, me te whai hua i roto i te mahi a te tangata. Ehara i te mea i roto i te maumau, kua synthesized reira i roto i taranata ia tau i roto i te ao - 57 miriona neke atu rānei.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

White taonga paura, i ētahi wā taekore. pea te reira i roto i te puka o te paura tioata pai ranei i roto i te puka o tawerewere. E mea pinepine i roto i te puka o te tioata nui. Ko te tino iti te ira whakakoero - 65,1 ^C. He hohoro absorbs makuku me te riro hydrated NaOH puka 3,5N · ₂ O. I roto i tenei take, he iti tonu te pāmahana rewa, anake 15.5 ^C. I whakaritea mutunga wairewa i roto i waiwaihā, te wai . Ki te pa kia rite ki te totoka hopihopi, me te wai.

Tino kino i roto i te puka takiwa, me te diluted. Nehenehe o te hoko katoa o te kanohi ki runga ki te faatae te. Ka taea e te kanohi whakapā hua i roto i te matapo. Na reira, mahi ana ki tenei pūhui tino mōrearea, me te titau pūrere tiaki.

āhuatanga matū

Waihā whakaaturanga āhuatanga houra rite te taua rite te alkali katoa: tali te ki te waikawa, waikura waikawa, waikura amphoteric me ngā waihā, Mariao. O Nonmetallic tauhohe ki whanariki, ūkuikui me kōnakonako. nehenehe o te tauhohe i ki konganuku hoki.

I roto i te matū waro, tauhohe konutai waihā ki amides, hākawa, waiwaro tahi halogenated.

tikanga rokiroki

kawea Storage o konutai waihā te roto i raro i etahi tikanga. Tenei he no te mea he reira tino urupare, tautautefito ki he taimi takawai. Ko te tikanga taketake e te whai.

1. E rongoa nei i atu i taputapu whakawera.
2. Hermetically katia a kahore he ahei o whakawhitihia makuku tākainga hiri.
3. caustics maroke tioata rongoa i roto i peke o te hanganga motuhake (polyethylene mātotoru), he wai - i roto i ipu karāhe pouri ki puru karaihe whenua. Ki te he nui te tau, me te titau te reira i te transportation, whakanohoia te otinga konutai waihā i roto i ipu motuhake me kēne maitai.

Ka taea te kawea e te rawa e tetahi tikanga mōhiotia i roto i te hanganga ture ki te ture haumaru, te whakakore transportation i te rangi.

houra konutai wai

Haunga karaihe, i reira ko te wairewa o te konutai waihā. Ko te reira i te tātai taua rite mo te totoka. rongoā matū atu whai hua, me te watea ki te whakamahi i. Na reira, i roto i te taua caustics puka whakamahia atu pinepine.

He otinga o te konutai waihā nei tātai - NaOH, whakamahia te i roto i te katoa o ēnei wāhanga. He ērā reira i roto i transportation anake, kia rite ki te waka he pai ki te maroke waihā. Hoki ētahi atu āhuatanga katoa e kore e tukua tioata, a i roto i etahi, a taea ana ratou e.