Ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki, te tātai

Noa pounamu winika kai, e taea te kitea i roto i te kīhini o nga housewife kua titoa maha atu waikawa me huaora. Tāpiri i te rua o te hua makaka ki te kai maoa, huamata ai whakarei hā tūturu. Ko torutoru o tatou fakamātoato whakaaro e pā ana ki te āhuatanga me te whānuitanga tūturu o te whakamahi o te wāhanga matua - waikawameha ahetiki.

He aha te mea tenei mea?

Tātai _CH3COOH waikawameha ahetiki e pā ana te reira ki te maha o waikawa ngako waikawa. Ko te aroaro o te rōpū carboxyl (COOH) vahe reira ki te waikawa monobasic. Ko te taonga i kitea i runga i te whenua i roto i te puka organic me te whiwhi synthetically i te taiwhanga. Waikawa Ko te māngai tino ohie, engari kahore iti nui o tona whānui. Ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai, hygroscopic.

rerekē ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki me te mātotoru ki te pāmahana. I te pāmahana rūma, ko te 20 te waikawa ° ^C i roto i te āhua wai, kua he kiato o 1.05 g / cm ^3. He he kakara motuhake, me te reka kawa. He otinga o te taonga, kahore tāpiritanga whakapakeke a riro tioata i te pāmahana i raro 17 ° ^C. Ko te tukanga haamata kohua waikawameha ahetiki i te pāmahana i runga 117 ° rōpū ^C. mewaro (CH ₃₎ waikawameha ahetiki o tātai e whiwhi mā te tauhohe i te waiwaihā ki te hāora: matū me te FERMENTATION waipiro o te warowaihā, ngā taketake waina.

He hītori iti

Opening o te winika ko tetahi o te tuatahi i roto i te raupapa o te waikawa me te i meatia i roto i ngā wāhanga. I te tīmatanga, ka anga waikawameha ahetiki ki te tango i te Māturu mataotao Arab o te rau tau 8. Heoi, i roto i te Roma i tahito i whakamahia te taonga i takea mai i te winika rite te kīnaki ao. tikanga te ingoa rawa i Kariki "kawa". I roto i te rau tau 17 i roto i Europe, i taea ki te tango taonga taonga parakore pūtaiao. I taua wa, ka mau ratou ki te tātai, ka kitea te kaha rerekē - waikawameha ahetiki i roto i te āhua kohu mura te mura puru.

Whakatika tae noa te rau tau 19, kua kitea kaipūtaiao te aroaro o te waikawameha ahetiki i roto i te puka organic anake - hei wāhanga o te pūhui, me tai o hākawa. Hei wāhanga o te tipu, me o ratou hua: aporo, karepe. I roto i te tangata, me te kararehe, werawera papī, ate. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, matapōkeretia tangohia pūtaiao Russian acetaldehyde i te tauhohe o te acetylene ki mēkuri waikura. I reira, te kohi waikawameha ahetiki kia nui e e tona tangohanga tuatahi wahi synthetically anake i runga i te tauine nui.

Methods production

Ahakoa te ahua o te waikawa parakore ahetiki ranei te aroaro o poke i roto i te otinga Tei te reira i runga i te tikanga tangohanga. whiwhi Food waikawameha ahetiki te biochemically i roto i te waihā FERMENTATION. I roto i te ahumahi, o te huna hoki maha ngā tikanga waikawa tangohanga. Ko te tikanga, kei te haere tahi tauhohe e pāmahana teitei, me te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï:

• Waihā mewaro i roto i te tauhohe ki te waro (carbonylation).
• Hāora piti hāora o hautau hinu.
• Pyrolysis o te rakau.
• Hāora piti hāora o acetaldehyde.

tukanga Industrial mō te matüora whai hua, me te economical. Nā ki te tukanga ahumahi, te nui o te hanga waikawa ahetiki i roto i te 20 th, me 21 rau ki runga th ki rau o nga wa whakaritea ki te rau tau 19. I reira, te waikawameha ahetiki i carbonylation o mewaro kōtuitanga whakarato neke atu i te 50% o te rōrahi hua.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki me tona mana i runga i te tohu

He taekore te waikawa wai ahetiki. Kei te ngāwari kawatanga pH 2.4 manatoko i te pepa tohu waikawa. waikawa ahetiki i roto i te whakapā ki te peita i te reira i runga i te tohu i roto i te whero. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki huri ngā. A, no te makaka te pāmahana i raro 16 ^{° C,} te taonga e te puka totoka, me te rite te tioata iti. Ko reira ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai, me te tauhohe ki te whānui o ngā whakarewa atu atu i hauwai sulfide ngā. waikawameha ahetiki te whakaiti i te katoa rōrahi o te wai ki runga ki waimehatanga ki te wai. Takitahi whakaahua i te āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki, tona kara me te kakano, e kite koe i roto i te whakapakoko e whai ake nei.

mura te rawa te i te pāmahana o te 455 ^{° C} ki tuku o te wera ki te 876 kJ / mol. Ko te taimaha niho kauoro 60,05 g / mol. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki rite te kawehiko i roto i te tauhohe e ngoikore. Ko te taimau uruhanga ko 6.15 i te pāmahana rūma. Pressure rite te mātotoru, - he taonga tinana waikawameha ahetiki tāupe. I te pēhanga 40 mm o. HG. Art. a ki te pāmahana o 42 ^{° C} tīmata te tukanga e koropupu. Otiia kua i te pēhanga 100 mm o. HG. Art. puta e koropupu anake i 62 ^° C

āhuatanga matū

Tauhohe ki konganuku me waikura taonga whakaaturia ona āhuatanga waikawa. Pai memeha he pūhui matatini ake, waikawa puka tai e kua huaina acetates :. Konupora, mata, pāhare pāporo, uara etc. PK o te waikawa, ko te 4.75.

I roto i te pāhekoheko ki te haurehu tae ki te winika whakauru tauhohenga , aru i te displacement me te hanga i te waikawa matatini ake: chloroacetic, iodoacetic. Rewa i roto i te wai, dissociates waikawa ki te tuku o ngā katote tāpia me iraoho hauwai. Ko te tohu o te dissociation ko 0.4 ōrau.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te rāpoi ngota waikawa ahetiki i roto i te puka tioata Diamer ki te waihanga here hauwai. Ano, e tika ana ki te hanga waikawa ngako matatini ake, biosynthesis o steroids me sterols ona āhuatanga.

whakamātautau taiwhanga

Rapu waikawameha ahetiki i roto i te otinga e taea te tutuki i te kimi ona āhuatanga tinana, pērā i kakara. otinga nui i honoa ki te waikawa kaha, e tīmata ana ki te teke'i winika tote ki wehenga o tona kohu. Na roto i te taiwhanga Māturu COONa CH ₃ me H ₂ SO ₄ Ko taea ki te whiwhi waikawameha ahetiki i roto i te puka maroke.

utu matou wheako i te marautanga kura i roto i te matū o te piha haapiiraa 8. āta whakaatu ana te āhuatanga ōkiko waikawameha ahetiki tauhohenga rasstvoreniya matū. tatu ki te tāpiri ki te taonga i roto i te otinga, te waikura parahi, me te paku whakamahana reira. Kei te tino memeha te waikura, hanga otinga kikorangi.

āpiha pärönaki

taonga tauhohe kounga ki maha puka rongoā: hākawa, amides me tai. Heoi, i roto i te hanga o ētahi atu matū, he tiketike nga whakaritenga mō ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waikawa ahetiki. Me whai te reira i nga wa katoa te tohu tiketike o te whakakāhoretanga me, na reira, e kore e whai poke tuatoru-rōpū.

Tei runga i te kukū o te wairewa o te waikawameha ahetiki tohatoha he maha o ona pärönaki. taonga kukū o neke atu i te 96% he ingoa - waikawameha ahetiki glacial. waikawa ahetiki i roto i 70-80% e taea te hokona i roto i toa e farerei i, te wahi e kia huaina reira - winika uho. Winika he kukū o 3-9%.

waikawa ahetiki me te ora rā

I tua atu ki ngā āhuatanga kai, He maha ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana kua kitea e te taata ona tono i roto i te ora waikawameha ahetiki. He otinga o te kukū iti o te taonga ngāwari te tango i tohu i ngā tuhinga whakarewa, whakaata mata me matapihi. Ko te kaha ki te takanga mai makuku hoki nui painga. Winika Ko faaore he pai kakara te mura i roto i ruma, te tango i stains i hua me ngā huawhenua ki kakahu.

Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, te taonga tinana o te waikawa ahetiki - ki te tango i te ngako i te mata - taea te whakamahi i roto i te iwi rongoā me te cosmetology. He otinga ngoikore o te winika tukinotia makawe ki te hanga tiaho ratou. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ana te taonga mo te maimoatanga o maremare, te tango o ngä kiritona, me te harore waihakihaki. Te whiwhi whakauka te whakamahi o te winika i te hanganga o te Paku takaia ki te whawhai cellulite.

Te whakamahi i roto i te hanga o

mahi waikawameha ahetiki nga tai o nga pūhui, me ētahi atu matū matatini hei huānga mahuinga:

• ahumahi ho'oraa. Hei waihanga: ahipirini, rongoā, me te antibacterial hinu, phenacetin.
• Production o muka waihanga. kiriata Incombustible, cellulose tāpia.
• Ahumahi kai. Hoki te tiaki angitu, hanga PICKLES me ranu, rite te E260 tāpiri kai.
• ahumahi pueru. Tukua ki te waikano.
• poke me hua tiaki whaiaro ahumahi. hinu kakara, ki aihikirīmi whakapai ake reo kiri.
• waiwhakaū Production. Whakamahia hei ngarara nei me te waiwhakaū o taru.
• Te hanga o varnishes. whakarewa Hangarau hauwaiwaro production.

Ia tau nui haere waikawameha ahetiki hanga te. I reira, i ona rōrahi i roto i te ao, ko te neke atu i te 400 mano taranata ia marama. kawea waikawa e te tāke maitai kaha. rāhuitia rokiroki i roto i te ipu kirihou i roto i ngā ahumahi maha e tika ana ki te mahi tinana me te matū tiketike o te waikawameha ahetiki te ranei iti ki te wā o te maha marama.

haumaru

waikawa ahetiki o kukū nui he tohu tuatoru o pātīmata me tuku hoki au paitini paitini. E tūtohutia ana ki te kakahu kopare motuhake, me te tahi atu taputapu whaiaro paruru ka mahi ki te waikawa. horopeta whakamate hoki te tinana tangata e 20 ml. I te kau o tuku o te taonga ki te waikawa matua kaitahu te mucosa, a ka pānga atu whēkau. I roto i ngā take pēnei i hiahia hohipera tonu.

I muri i te whakapā atu ki te waikawa i roto i te kiri kitea manakohaia horoi tonu ki te wai rere. Ka taea e waikawa kōhua ausia meinga kiko necrosis, e titau hoki hohipera.

meka ngā

kitea Scientists Pātukitukinga e kore te he tangata e hiahiatia ana fariiraa waikawameha ahetiki - e nehenehe e rave, kahore tāpiritanga kai. Otiia iwi ki ātete ki te waikawa, me te raruraru puku, taonga contraindicated.

whakamahia waikawameha ahetiki te i roto i te patotuhinga.

kitea taonga i roto i te nui iti i roto i te honi, panana me te witi.

I muri i te meangiti, waikawameha ahetiki, a tino ruru ake kaha ki reira, ka taea e koe te mataara tana pakeke whakaari.

He kukū iti o te waikawameha ahetiki taea whakaiti mamae tohumate o ngau pepeke me weranga iti.

Reception i roto i ngā hua kai ki te ihirangi iti o te waikawameha ahetiki te whakaiti i te taumata o te cholesterol i roto i te tinana. Ko pai te taonga stabilizes te taumata huka toto i roto i wharewhare.

Ko te whakamahi o te pūmua, me te warowaihā kai tahi me te nui iti o te waikawameha ahetiki faarahi ratou rauropi digestibility.

Ki te he tote rawa te kai, tāpiri noa i te tahi pata o te winika ki maeneene te tote.

i muri

whakamahi Mileniuma o te waikawameha ahetiki arahina ki te meka e ona āhuatanga tinana, me te matū kitea i nga tahuri ratou ara. Rau o tauhohe taea, mano o matū whai hua, e tika ana ki nei kei te haere te taata i runga. Nui ki te mohio i nga āhuatanga katoa o te waikawa ahetiki, ona āhuatanga pai me te kino.

Kaua e wareware e pā ana ki te painga, engari kia mahara tonu tatou ki ta kino e taea meinga te whakamahi whakaarokore o te kukū tiketike o te waikawameha ahetiki. I roto i tona ati, kua tu ia i muri ki te waikawa pūmāota me te waikawa pungatara. Manatu'i ma'u pē haumaru ina whakamahi i te waikawa. Tika a āta waimeha te mauri o te wai.