Pūmua biosynthesis: he poto, me te mārama. biosynthesis pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau ora

Hei ako i te tukanga e puta ana i roto i te tinana, e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio te mea tupu i te taumata pūtau. Ko reira te mea takaro he wāhi tino hira te e pūhui pūmua. He mea tika ki te titiro e kore e anake ratou mahi, engari ano hoki te tukanga o te hanga. Ko reira he mea nui ki te whakamārama i te biosynthesis o te pūmua poto, me te mārama. Kōeke 9 mo e ko te ara pai. I tenei wā, riro ākonga nui mōhiotanga mo te māramatanga o te kaupapa.

Pūmua - he aha te mea reira me aha mahi ratou

Ēnei pūhui macromolecular whai wāhi nui i roto i te ora o tetahi rauropi. Pūmua he waerau, arā ngā o maha rite "mongamonga." kia rerekē ratou maha i te rau torutoru ki te mano.

I roto i te pūtau, pūmua mahi maha ngā mahi. He nui ko te tūranga ratou, a i ngā taumata teitei o te whakahaere: te kopa me okana ko te nuinga o ti'aturi i runga i mahi tika o te ngā pūmua.

Hei tauira, nga hormones katoa he takenga pūmua. Ko whakahaere enei matū tukanga katoa i roto i te tinana.

Pūtoto - te pūmua taua, ngā reira o iahiko wha e kua hono i roto i te pokapū o te ngota rino. he hanganga taua āhei pūtau toto whero kawe hāora. A haamana'o na e te kiriuhi katoa i roto i tona hanganga o pūmua. He tika hoki te whakawhiti o ngā matū i roto i te kōpaki pūtau ratou.

He maha ngā mahi o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua, i nei e ratou kawe mārama me kahore pātai. He tino kanorau, e kore anake hoki ona tūranga i roto i te pūtau, engari ano hoki i roto i te hanganga enei pūhui mīharo.

Hea i reira ko te kōtuitui

Ko te ribosome Ko te organelle i ai atu te wahi matua o te tukanga i huaina "pūmua biosynthesis." kōeke 9 i roto i ngā kura rerekē rerekē rite ki te hōtaka o ako koiora, engari he maha ngā kaiako hoatu rauemi o organelles i mua o te ako o te iritiraa.

Na reira, e kore e ngā ākonga e uaua ki te mahara hipokina te rauemi, me te haumaru. kia mohio koe e i runga i te organelle taua kia hanga ai tetahi anake mekameka polypeptide wā kotahi. Ehara i te mea nui ki te whakatau i nga hiahia katoa o te pūtau. Na reira, pinepine e ngā ratou he rota o ribosomes, a ki te kiriuwhi. huaina tenei EPS te taratara. Ko nga hua o taua "mahi tahi" he mārama: te kōtuitanga pūmua i muri tonu taka i roto i te hongere waka, a taea te tonoa roa ki te ūnga ki waho.

Otiia ki te tango tatou ki pūkete te timatanga rawa, ara te pānui o te mōhiohio i DNA, e taea te mea te reira e te biosynthesis o te pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau e noho haamata i roto i te karihi. Ko reira i reira e synthesized karere RNA, e kei te waehere ira.

rauemi e hiahiatia ana - waikawa amino, te ariā o te wahi - te ribosome

Te āhua e he uaua ki te whakamārama pēhea te nga moni o te pūmua biosynthesis, torutoru a me mārama, te kaupapa tukanga me maha drawings e faufaa. Ka āwhina i ratou ki te kawe mai katoa o te kōrero, me te ākonga ka taea ki te ngāwari mahara reira.

Tuatahi o te katoa, mo te kōtuitui o tika "poraka hanga" - waikawa amino. E hua etahi o ratou i te tinana. taea anake te whiwhi etahi i kai, kua karangatia e ratou faufaa. Ko te katoa maha o waikawa amino - te rua tekau, engari e tika ana ki te maha nui o kōwhiringa i roto i e taea te whakanohoia e ratou i roto i te mekameka roa e tino kanorau rāpoi ngota pūmua. He rite ki tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te hanganga, engari Radicals rerekē ēnei waikawa.

Te reira i ngā āhuatanga o enei wahi o ia waikawa amino whakatau ki te mea hanganga "whakaiti" te mekameka hua, ka hanga i te reira i te hanganga quaternary ki ētahi atu mekameka, a ka riro he aha ngā āhuatanga i te macromolecule hua. Ko te tukanga o te kōtuitanga pūmua e kore e taea e puta noa i roto i te cytoplasm, Me te ribosome hoki reira. Ana tēnei organelle tito te o rua subunits - nui, me te iti. I okiokinga, he kongakonga ratou, engari, no te haamata i te kōtuitui, kua hono tonu ratou, ka tīmata ki te mahi.

waikawa ribonucleic rerekē, me te nui taua

I roto i te tikanga ki te kawe mai i te waikawa amino ki te ribosome, Me matou he RNA motuhake, ka karanga waka. Hei whakaiti i ona tRNA whakaritea. Tenei muingota kotahi-paea i roto i te puka o te cloverleaf taea ki te tāpiri i te waikawa amino kotahi ki tona mutunga noa, me te ki te kawe i te reira ki te pae o te kōtuitanga pūmua.

Tetahi RNAs whai wāhi i roto i te kōtuitanga pūmua, ka karanga te kopu (mōhiohio). mauria e te reira i te wae ōrite nui o te kōtuitui - te waehere, e mārama rai i ka piri tahi mau waikawa amino ki te mekameka pūmua hua.

Tenei rāpoi ngota Ko te hanganga mekameka kotahi arā, o nucleotides me te DNA. Kei reira ētahi rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga tuatahi o waikawa karihi, e taea e koe te pānui i roto i te tuhinga whakatairite i runga i te RNA me DNA.

Mōhiohio i runga i te hanganga o te pūmua m-RNA i rite i te tino kaitiaki o te waehere ira - DNA. Ko te tukanga o te pānui deoxyribonucleic waikawa huaina me m-RNA kōtuitanga te tuhi.

Puta te reira i roto i te karihi, te wahi e haere te mRNA hua ki te ribosome. E kore e te tino taua DNA o te nucleus haere, tona mahi - anake ki te tiaki i te waehere iranga, me te haere i te reira ki te pūtau tamahine i roto i te wehenga.

tepu Whakarāpopototanga o te whai wāhi matua i roto i te haapurororaa

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaahua i te biosynthesis pūmua poto me mārama, te tepu ko te pau. I roto i te reira e tuhi tatou katoa o nga wae, me to ratou tūranga i roto i tenei tukanga, e kiia nei ko translation.

Kei te wehea te tino taua tukanga o te hanga i te mekameka pūmua ki toru ngā wāhanga. Kia titiro a i ia o enei i roto i te kōrero atu. Na e taea ngāwari koe te whakamārama katoa o te biosynthesis pūmua e hiahiatia poto me mārama.

Tomokanga - te timatanga o te tukanga

Tenei taahiraa translation tuatahi, hono ai te te subunit iti o te ribosome ki te tuatahi m-RNA. Tenei RNA te maua e te waikawa amino - methionine. tīmata tonu Pāohotanga ki tenei waikawa amino rite te codon tīmatanga ko Aug, e encodes te waetahi tuatahi i roto i te mekameka pūmua.

I roto i te tikanga ki te ite i te codon tīmatanga, te ribosome me kahore te timatanga o te kōtuitui mai te waenganui o te ira raupapa Aug e taea hoki e kia huri noa te codon tīmatanga ko te raupapa motuhake o nucleotides. Ko reira hoki a ia whakaae ana te ribosome te wahi e kia tangohia te reira subunit iti.

I muri i te hanganga o te matatini ki m-RNA pito tomokanga atamira. A tīmata reira te wā matua o te haapurororaa.

Elongation - kōtuitanga waenganui

I tenei wā ki reira ko te buildup äta o te mekameka pūmua. Ko te roanga o te elongation tei runga i te maha o ngā waikawa amino i roto i te pūmua.

Ko te mahi tuatahi ki te subunit iti o te ribosome hono nui. Na te tuatahi tRNA ko reira katoa. Waho, i reira he methionine anake. Muri ki te subunit nui mai tuarua tRNA mau ana i te waikawa amino rerekē.

Ki te hāngai tuarua te codon i runga i te mRNA ki anticodon i runga i runga o "cloverleaf", piri te tuarua ki te waikawa amino tuatahi te mā te here peptide.

Muri ribosome nekehanga haere mRNA rite e toru nucleotides (kotahi codon), detaches te tRNA tuatahi iho i methionine me kua wehea i te matatini. I roto i tona wahi ko te tuarua m-RNA i te mutunga o e tautau mo waikawa amino rua.

Na, i roto i te wahi tuatoru o te subunit nui o tRNA me nga tukurua tukanga. Ka waiho te reira i runga tae noa ki te patua reira he codon ribosome i mRNA, e tohu ana te mutunga o te haapurororaa.

whakamutunga

Ko te whakamutunga tenei wā, ki etahi kia mea he nanakia. rāpoi me organelles katoa e e pera wā mahi ki te waihanga i te mekameka polypeptide, mutu te taenga atu ano te ribosome mai ki runga ki te codon whakamutunga.

e kore e whakawaehere ia tetahi o te waikawa amino, na mea katoa tRNA ranei haere ki te subunit nui, ka kia paopao ratou e tika ana ki te ōrite. Na ka whiwhi ki te āhuatanga mahi whakamutunga e wehe te pūmua oti i te ribosome.

Organelle ano e taea e rānei whatiia ake ki rua subunits, ki tonu ratou haere i runga i te m-RNA i roto i te rapu o te codon tīmatanga hou ranei. I roto i tetahi kia mRNA maha ngā ribosomes. Kei te whakaratohia i runga i te atamira i hanga translyatsii.Tolko tohu pūmua, i roto i nei e ūkui katoa tona ūnga - Ia o ratou. A ka tono tangata te reira ki te wahi e hiahiatia ana e te EPS.

Hei mahino te tūranga o te kōtuitanga pūmua, he mea e tika ana ki te titiro he aha ngā mahi ka taea e te mahi i te reira. Tei te reira i runga i te raupapa o ngā waikawa amino i te mekameka. Te reira i to ratou āhuatanga whakatau i te tuarua, tuatoru, me te quaternary ētahi wā (ki te vai te reira) hanganga o te pūmua , me tona tūranga i roto i te pūtau. Hoki ētahi atu kōrero e pā ana ki te mahi o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua e taea te kitea i roto i te tuhinga i runga i tenei kaupapa.

Me pēhea te ki te ako atu e pā ana ki te pāhotanga

E whakaahua ana tēnei tuhinga i te biosynthesis o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau ora. O te akoranga, ki te ako koe i te tumu parau atu hohonu, ki te whakamārama i te tukanga i roto i te taipitopito ka waiho i te rota o whārangi. Heoi, kia waiho te rauemi i runga rawaka mō predstavleniya.Ochen whānui whai hua mō te mahara kia ataata i roto i nei i whakataruna kaipūtaiao wāhanga katoa o translation. Etahi o ratou kua whakamaoritia ki Russian, a taea te mahi hei taputapu pai mō ngā ākonga noa ataata kōrero ranei.

I roto i te tikanga ki te mahino te kaupapa pai, a kia lau koe atu tuhinga i runga i ngā kaupapa e pā ana. Hei tauira, e pā ana ki waikawa karihi ranei pūmua, mahi pro.