Reo Germanic. Whakarōpū o nga reo Germanic me mita

ngā Ingarihi i roto i te whānui me te huaina te rōpū nui reo Germanic. I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka whakaaro matou i te reira i roto i te taipitopito. I roto i te tahuri, tenei peka ko wāhanga o te ara nui - reo Indo-Pākehā. Ko ētahi o ēnei, i roto i te tua ki German, me etahi atu - te Hiti, Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Kariki, Celtic, Roma, Slavic, a na i runga i. reo Indo-Pākehā, i roto i te ara taua - te whakakotahi whanui.

Heoi, e hiahia tatou i roto i te utuafare he ona ake whakarōpū. E wehea reo Germanic ki te 2 ngā rōpū e whai ake nei: Te Tai Tokerau (te kore i huaina Scandinavian) me te uru. E ratou katoa ratou ake āhuatanga.

I te tahi taime emit reo Romano-Germanic. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te Tiamana ko Romance (teiti hoki ki te reo Roma).

subgroups Yayki Te Hau-ā-uru

Te Te Hau-ā-uru Tiamana ngā Tatimana, Frisian, High German, Ingarihi, Ara, Boer, Yiddish.

Hoki te nuinga o te taupori o Great Britain - Northern Ireland, Scotland, me Ingarangi - me rite te US, Aotearoa, Ahitereiria, Canada, ko te Ingarihi taketake. I tua atu, he mea noa i roto i Pakistan, India, Awherika ki te Tonga hei tikanga e pā ana o kōrero.

Frisian he rongonui i roto i te Moana Te Tai Tokerau - te korerotia e te iwi e noho ana motu Frislandskie i. Literary reira ahua o he ona mita pūtake zapadnofrizskie.

reo Maori ki noho o Austria, Germany me Switzerland he High German. Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira i roto i te wahi raki o Germany, taupori tāone te whenua o rite te tuhi. Ko te käinga o ēnei wāhanga korero tonu "platdoyche", ranei iti reo Tiamana - reo motuhake, i roto i te Middle ake i nei te reo. hanga te reira i iwi tuhinga.

Tatimana - iwi Tatimana taketake.

reo Germanic Modern ngā Boer, hoki e mohiotia ana te "Afrikaans", i te mea whānui i roto i Awherika ki te Tonga, he rohe nui. I roto i tenei tata ki te reo Tatimana korerotia Afrikaners, ranei Poa - uri o Pākehā o Holland e rere ratou whenua i roto i te rau tau 17.

Ara Ko te tata rawa ki reira. ta ia te iwi o Belgium, te wahi raki, me te Hōrana (i roto i te tahi mau wāhi). Ara, me ki te French i Belgium ko te tikanga e pā ana o kōrero.

Yiddish - i hanga i roto i te 10-12 senituli, te reo korero e nga Hurai o Eastern Europe. Ko te pūtake o tana - mita German High Middle.

Huingaiti reo Te Tai Tokerau Tiamana

Tirohia ki te reo Germanic Te Tai Tokerau Tiamana e whai ake nei: Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish.

Last - taupori taketake o te rohe o Finland (i oho ki te mua tawhiti, nga māngai o te iwi drevneshvedskih) me te iwi o Huitene. tu mita tenei ra wātea ake ngā āhuatanga i roto i gutnichesky, korerotia e te taupori o te motu o Gotland. Kei Swedish tenei ra o te tuhituhi me te whakarite i roto i runga i te kupu Tiamana i roto i te reo Ingarihi. kihai i nui rawa kupu Active.

Danish - Māori ki te iwi Danemaka, nei i hoki i roto i te tuhinga mō te maha o ngā rau tau, me te reo e pā ana o Norway, rite mohiotia te, ko e wahi o te mutunga o te rau tau 14, me te tae noa ki 1814 he wahi o te kāwanatanga Danemaka.

Danish me Swedish, tata i roto i te mua, kei te inaianei tino wehe, i ētahi wā kua ngā ratou ki te Huingaiti motuhake o te adverbs vostochnoskandinavskih pera-ka karanga.

reo Norwegian, i te mea whenua ki te iwi Norwegian, tohaina i roto i tenei whenua. i whakaroa nui te awe tona whanaketanga e tikanga o mua kia rite ki te noho o te kāwanatanga kua takoha ki te ora i raro i te ture o te Danes mo tata 400 tau. I teie mahana, i roto i tenei whenua i reira ko te hanganga o te reo Norwegian, noa ki te iwi katoa, kia rite ki ona āhuatanga noho te tūranga takawaenga i waenganui i te Danish me Swedish.

taupori o Tiorangi korero Icelandic. Ko te tupuna o nga tangata o tenei whenua motu i Norwegians e noho i roto i te rohe rite wawe rite te rau tau 10. reo Icelandic, tipu takitahi hoki tata he mano tau, kua riro he maha o ngā āhuatanga hou, me kua tokomaha o nga āhuatanga e he angamaheni o Norse Old puritia. I te wa ano, kua ngaro nui o enei āhuatanga nga tikanga hou o te kōrero o noho Fjord Country. Kua arahina enei tukanga katoa ki te meka e te rerekētanga i waenganui i Icelandic (novoislandskimi) me reo Norwegian e tino nui i te kau.

Faroese vai i tenei ra i roto i te Motu o Wharo, e takoto ki te raki o te moutere o Shetland. mau ia, me te Tiorangi, me ētahi atu rōpū reo, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te reo o ratou tupuna - Old Norse, e muri wahia.

Faroese, Icelandic me Norwegian ētahi wā ngā i roto i te kotahi te utuafare i runga i te pūtake o ratou take. E kīia ana ngā reo zapadnoskandinavskie. Ko te meka inaianei whakaatu e, i roto i te āhua o te Norwegian nāianei ko nui ofi ki te Danish me Swedish atu ki Faroese me Icelandic.

mōhiohio Early e pā ana ki te iwi Germanic

ako History o te reo Tiamana te i roto i te tahi mau taipitopito i tenei ra. Ko te whakahua tuatahi o nga Tiamana no ki te rau tau 4 BC. Hei whakarato mōhiohio e pā ana ki te mea arorangi ratou haere, me te matawhenua Pytheas (Pytheas ranei), Kariki, noho o te pa o Massilia (i huaina nei i teie mahana ko Marcel). hanga e ia e pā ana ki 325 BC. e. haerenga nui ki te Tai Amber, kei, te āhua, i roto i te Elbe wahapū, me te te takutai tonga o te Te Tai Tokerau, me te Baltic Moana. I roto i tona kōrero faahiti Pytheas guttonov iwi me nga Teutons. mārama o ratou ingoa korero e pā ana ki te aha raraunga iwi - tawhito Germanic.

Whakairinga Plutarch ko Yuliya Tsezarya

whakaaro te whakahua i muri o nga Tiamana te kupu o Plutarch, te tumu kōrero Kariki nei noho i roto i te AD 1-2 rau. tuhituhi ia e pā ana ki Bastarnae putanga i runga i te Tanupi raro, e pā ana ki 180 nga tau i BC. e. Ko e tino sketchy enei raraunga, na e kore e hoatu e tatou he whakaaro o te reo, me te ara o te ora o te iwi Germanic. Ratou, kia rite ki a Plutarch, kahore e mohio o tetahi mara kararehe ahuwhenua ranei. Ko te pakanga mo enei iwi - pakihi anake.

Yuliy Tsezar ko te kaituhi Roma tuatahi, fakamatalai nga Tiamana i roto i te tau BC Tuatahi. e. ta ia e he i roto i te mahi hōia, me te hopu ratou ora katoa. utu ratou iti whakarongo ki te ahuwhenua.

Taipitopito o Pliny te Elder

Ko te tino tino ko nga taipitopito o Pliny te Elder, taiao (tau o te ora - 23-79 BC ..), a Tacitus, te kōrero (tau o te ora - 58-117 AD ..). I roto i ana mahi, "pukapuka" me "Germany" te pūrongo whakamutunga mōhiohio nui e pā ana ki te whakarōpū o nga iwi o nāianei e kore anake, engari ano hoki e pā ana ki to ratou ara o te ora, te ahurea, te pūnaha pāpori. Tacitus titore 3 ngā rōpū: istvaeones, Hermione me ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy hoki whakahuatia te rōpū kotahi, engari e pā ana ki te ingaevones Teutons me te Cimbri. Tenei whakarōpūtanga he, te āhua, tino tika whakaata te wehenga i roto i te BC rau 1. e. iwi Germanic.

reo Germanic Old: whakarōpū

Ko te ako o ngā pūkete tuhituhi taea ki a koe ngā toru subgroups o reo Germanic i roto i te tīmatanga o Anotau: Ngārara (Te Tai Rāwhiti Tiamana), Scandinavian (Te Tai Tokerau Tiamana), me te Western Pākehā.

Hei ngā te Te Tai Rāwhiti Tiamana Gothic, Vandal ko Burgundy.

reo MAORI

manene reo i Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - - MAORI Islands i roto i te Moana Baltic. noho Burgundians i roto i te tonga-rawhiti France i roto i te rau tau 5, i roto i te wāhi i riro te taua ingoa. mahue tenei reo tahito Germanic tenei ra kua tatou ki te maha iti o kupu, te nuinga ingoa tika.

reo Vandalic

Vandal - Vandals tūkē nei noho i muri i roto i Spain ki Te Tai Tokerau Africa, te wahi i mahue ratou i muri i te Andalusia ingoa (i teie mahana Porowini). Tenei reo, me te MAORI, māngai te nuinga i ngā ingoa tika. I muri, kua riro te kupu "maumau" te kaipahua o uara o urupa ahurea, te tautangata, pera i roto i 455 o enei iwi pahuatia a riro Roma.

Gothic

he hakari reo Gothic ona urupa maha. Ko te Whatahoro nui rawa - "Silver Panuku" - translation o nga Kōsipelí ki te Gothic. Tiaki 187 o 330 pepa o te tuhinga.

Ancient reo Te Hau-ā-uru Tiamana

rōpū Te Hau-ā-uru Tiamana o reo fakafofonga'i e te Anglo-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, Old Saxon, Frankish, Old High German. He Ia o ratou ona ake āhuatanga.

Ko te whakamutunga o tenei hapu ngā he maha o ngā mita. Ko tōna kohatu whakamaharatanga tino nui ngā nga tuhinga o te rau tau 8:

1. mōhinuhinu - papakupu iti ki te kuputuhi i tuhituhia i roto i Latin, whakamāoritanga o kupu takitahi i roto i te German, tuhituhia i roto i te tawhē ranei.

2. whakamāoritanga o tuhinga fakalotu, me te puāwaitanga e Notker, i roto i te mutunga o te 10 - whakahaua wawe rau tau 11 he kura ohu.

3. Poem "muspilli" (2 hawhe rau tau 9).

4. "Ko e waiata o Ludwig '.

5. "te paremata Merseburg."

6. "Ko e waiata o Hildebrand."

reo Frankish hoki he maha ngā reo. I roto i te aamu, ka e ratou wahi o te Tiamana, engari nizhnefrankskogo, ko te tupuna o te Tati hou, Ara ko Boer.

rōpū Te Tai Tokerau Tiamana o reo, tae atu Old Norse, Old Norse, Old drevnedatsky Norse me adverbs. E ratou katoa ratou ake āhuatanga motuhake.

Ko te whakamutunga o tenei rōpū o reo ētahi wā i huaina arero runiform tā no te mea kei roto te reira i te plurality o (e pā ana ki 150) e pā ana ki te wā o rau tau n 2-9. e.

tiaki hoki Drevnedatsky i pā ana ki te rau tau 9 urupa Rūniki o epigraphy. I roto i te katoa i reira e pā ana ki 400.

E hāngai ana ki te rau tau AD 9 ano nga urupa tuatahi o Old Swedish. Ko ratou i roto i Vesteretland kawanatanga me ko nga inscriptions i runga i nga kohatu. Ko te katoa maha o inscriptions Rūniki hanga i roto i tenei reo tae 2500.