Revolution wereweti. takaí wereweti i roto i Eastern Europe

puta te wā "Revolution wereweti" i roto i te mutunga o nga 1980 - wawe 1990. e kore e whakaata te reira i te natura o te mau ohipa i faaitehia i roto i te tikanga ā iwi, te wā "revolution". Ko te tonu tenei wā kounga, faufaa, huringa hohonu i roto i te mau taata pāpori, ōhanga me te tōrangapū, e arahi ki te hurihanga o te hapori katoa, huri i te hanganga tauira o te pāpori.

He aha te mea te reira?

"Revolution wereweti" - te ingoa noa o te tukanga tango wahi i roto i te whenua o Central me Eastern Europe i roto i te wā i te mutunga o nga 1980 ki te tīmatanga o 1990. Te tiango i 1989 o te Berlin Wall kua meinga he ahua o te tohu.

Ko te ingoa "Revolution wereweti" o enei tutū tōrangapū riro hoki i roto i te nuinga o āhua mahia kohakore (anake Romania, te wahi i reira ko te whakatikanga ake patu, me te tutu kāore c Nicolae Ceauşescu, te tonotono mua, me tana wahine). Events nga wahi katoa anake mo Yugoslavia, ka mau wahi āhua hohoro, tata hangatonu. I para tuatahi, he poitirere te ōrite o ratou hōtuhi me tāpiritanga i roto i te wā. Heoi, kia titiro tatou ki nga take, me te āhua o enei takaí - a kite tatou e kore e poka noa enei ērā o. Ka hoatu tenei tuhinga he whakamāramatanga o te wā "revolution wereweti" a ka titiro poto ki ona take.

Events me ngā tukanga e tangohia e wahi i roto i Eastern Europa i roto i te mutunga o nga 80, me te tīmatanga o 90, he o te pānga o kaitōrangapū, pūtaiao, me te iwi whānui. He aha e nga take o te revolution? A he aha te mea ratou ngako? Kia tamata o ki te whakautu i ēnei pātai. Ko te tuatahi i roto i te raupapa o taua mau ohipa tōrangapū i roto i Europe kua riro he "revolution wereweti" i roto i Czechoslovakia. Mai i reira, ka timata.

Events i roto i Czechoslovakia

I roto i te Whiringa 1989, i reira kua huringa tuwhena i Czechoslovakia. "Revolution wereweti" i roto i Czechoslovakia arahina ki te hurihanga bloodless o te tikanga hapori rite ki te hua o te amuamu. ka whakaritea te hihiko whakatakotoria he whakaaturanga ākonga i runga i Noema 17 i roto i te mahara o Jan Opletal, he ākonga i te Czech Republic, nei i patua i roto i whakahe ki te mahi Nasí o te kāwanatanga. Ka rite ki te hua o te ngā whara neke atu i te 500 te iwi i runga i 17 Noema.

Whiringa 20, ka haere ngā ākonga i runga i patu, a wahia whakaaturanga papatipu i roto i roto i nga pa maha. Novema 24 rīhainatanga o te kaituhituhi tuatahi me etahi atu kau taki o te Rōpū o te whenua. Whiringa 26 tū he whakawhitiwhiti rahi i roto i te pokapū o Prague, i timata e pā ana ki 700 mano i te mau melo. Whiringa whakakorea 29 pāremata te tuhinga kaupapa ture i runga i te kaiārahi Communist Party. Hakihea 29, 1989 Aleksandr Dubchek pōtitia a Tumuaki o te Paremete, a ka pōtitia Vatslava Gavela peresideni o Czechoslovakia. Ka whakaahuatia te take o te "Revolution wereweti" i roto i Czechoslovakia me ētahi atu whenua i raro. ako hoki nga whakaaro o tohunga mana.

Ko te take o te "revolution wereweti"

He aha, Na, ue'i e take taua break taketake ki te tikanga pāpori? He maha o ngā pūkenga (hei tauira, V. K. Volkov) ā-take whāinga mō te 1989 revolution kite i roto i te wahi pakaru i waenganui i nga ope hua me te āhua o whanaunga ahumahi. Kua riro pule fakaaoaó ranei fakaaoao-uiui he tutukitanga ki pūtaiao, hangarau, me te ōhanga te ahunga whakamua o whenua, pakanga ki raro te tukanga kōmitimiti noa i roto i te CMEA. whakaaturia Tata he hawhe rau o te wheako i roto i nga whenua o te tonga-Eastern me Central Europe kua e he ratou tawhiti i muri i te whenua capitalist matatau, ara te hunga ki nei i koe i mua i runga i te taumata kotahi. Czechoslovakia ko Hungary mo te whakarite ki a Austria, mo te GDR - ki Germany, Bulgaria - Kariki. GDR, ārahi ki te CMEA, rite ki raraunga UN, i 1987 i te GP mō ia runga 17 anake wahi th i roto i te ao, a Czechoslovakia - te 25 wahi, te Soviet Union - 30. Aano āputa i roto i ngā paerewa o te ora, te kounga o te tiaki hauora, haumaru pāpori, te ahurea me te mātauranga.

timata te atamira ki te whiwhi i te huru o te backlog i Eastern Europe. pūnaha Mana ki whakaritenga centralized mārō me te sverhmonopolizmom na ka karanga inefficiencies whakahau-whakahaere pūnaha muia o whakaputa me tona pirau. Tenei ka tino kitea i roto i te 50-80-doma, ka i roto i enei whenua i roa te wā hou o te revolution pūtaiao, me te hangarau, te hunga i kawe mai ki Western Europe me te Hononga o Amerika i runga i te hou, "pou-ahumahi" taumata o te whanaketanga. Ina e, i te mutunga o nga 70, tīmata reira he au ki te huringa o te ao hapori i roto i te ope pāpori-tōrangapū, me te ōhanga tuarua i runga i te atamira ao. i roto i te rohe hōia-rautaki anake i noho kaha, me e he te nuinga e tika ana ki te pūmanawa hōia o te USSR.

tauwehe motu

Tētahi atu take kaha e ai mohio "revolution wereweti" i roto i te 1989, kua riro te motu. whakapehapeha National, rite ko te tikanga häpainga e te meka e te tikanga fakaaoao-uiui haamana'oraa o te Soviet. mahi maioha kore o te ārahitanga Soviet me nga māngai o te Soviet Union i roto i enei whenua, kua mahi ratou hape tōrangapū i roto i te ahunga kotahi. Rite ki taua kitea i roto i 1948, i muri i te whaturama o whanaunga i waenganui i te USSR me Yugoslavia (i hua i roto i te reira "revolution wereweti" i roto i te Yugoslavia), i roto i te akoranga o te ture i runga i te tauira o Moscow i mua te whawhai, a na i runga i. D. Leaders o ngā rōpū i roto i te kaha, i roto i te tahuri, ohi i te wheako raroto te Soviet Union, ki whai wāhi ki te huringa o te tikanga whakahaere rohe o te momo Soviet. hoatu ara ki te mana'o e utaina he pūnaha taua i waho tenei katoa. I whakahaerehia tēnei e te wawaotanga o te kaiārahi Soviet i roto i nga ngā i tangohia e wahi i roto i Hungary i roto i te 1956 me te Czechoslovakia i roto i 1968 (i muri i hanga he "revolution wereweti" i roto i Hungary me Czechoslovakia). I roto i te feruriraa o te iwi i whakaritea ai whakaaro o "ako Brezhnev", arā, iti te mana arii. timata te nuinga o te taupori, te whakatairite i te āhuatanga ōhanga o te whenua ki te tūranga o ona hoa i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru ki te oke ai herea tahi nga raruraru tōrangapū, me te ōhanga. Hara o mana'o motu, amuamu pāpori me te tōrangapū he tona pānga i roto i te ahunga kotahi. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei raruraru i timata. Pipiri 17, 1953 i reira ko tetahi fifi i roto i te GDR, i roto i te 1956 - i roto i Hungary, i roto i te 1968 - i roto i Czechoslovakia me i Poland puta reira e rave rahi mau taime i roto i te '60raa,' 70, me te '80s. Ratou, Heoi, kihai i whai i te taumira pai. Kua whai wāhi anake enei pōrearea ki te whakaaro a o nga aratau e wātea ana, te haaputuputuraa o te neke wä pera-ka karanga, e te nuinga o mua nga huringa tōrangapū, te hanga o te aromatawai kino o te rōpū i roto i te mana.

mana Soviet

I te wa ano, whakakitea e ratou te aha kua pūmau nga tikanga whakahaere fakaaoao-uiui - no ratou ki te tari pirihimana, ki te "hapori hapori", i raro i te pēhanga i te kaiārahi Soviet. Tetahi faaino o mooni ngā, i tetahi ngana ki te hanga whakatikatika ki te ariā Marxist i te tirohanga o te matauranga auaha, tango ki pūkete te mooni o nāianei, whakaaturia "revisionism", "auru huna wä" me pera i runga i. D. te ngaro i roto i te pluralism wairua, te taurite i roto i te ahurea me te Māoritanga arahina ki dvoyakomysliyu, tōrangapū passivity tūmatanui, rite, ko morare fakamele'i e tangata. Ki tenei, o te akoranga, e kore i taea e farii i te mana hinengaro, me te auaha ahu whakamua.

Ko te ngoikore o nga rōpū tōrangapū

Otirā ka anga ki te ara ake āhuatanga hou i roto i Eastern Europe. Mātakitaki pehea te hanganga i roto i te Soviet Union, te taupori o enei whenua e titau te whakahou rite i te kāinga. Heoi, i te kau whakatakotoria whakakitea reira te ngoikore o te take tuakiri, ara te kore o ngā rōpū tōrangapū pakeke ahei ki te kawe i roto i ngā huringa nui. Ko te rōpū i te faatere i roto i te wa roa whakakeke, tona kingitanga pumanawa auaha ngaro, te kaha ki te whakapai ake. Ko te mate o ratou natura tōrangapū, i ko te hokohoko atu tika o te taero kāwanatanga, he pa piki ngaro ki te iwi. Pūkenga, kihai i enei rōpū whakawhirinaki, kua iwi taitamariki iti whakarongo utua, e kore i kitea i te reo noa ki a ia. Kaupapahere o whakawhirinaki tūmatanui ngaro, rawa i muri i te kaimahi whakahaere piki horo te pirau, ka anga fakatupulaki whaiaro ki te kake, te mate o te kāpehu morare. E tano ia tapao i te tāmitanga ki te taonga tarewa, "dissidents" nei mahi i roto i Bulgaria, Romania, Germany Te Tai Rāwhiti me ētahi atu whenua.

āta, Ngali kaha, me te apunga rōpū kingi ai, ka wehea i te taputapu kāwanatanga timata ki te hinga te wahi motu ke. Ka anga ki te tautohe e pā ana ki te mua (whakaaro te pato'iraa Communist Party kawenga mō te raruraru), te pakanga i waenganui i "reformists" me "conservatives" i roto ia ratou - te reira pararutiki ki etahi whānuitanga katoa, nga mahi o enei rōpū, ratou āta ngaro ratou kaha whawhai. A ara i roto i taua tikanga, ka nui tupuheke te pakanga tōrangapū, ratou tonu tumanako ki te whai i te heriheri i runga i te mana, engari miscalculated.

Ko reira taea ki te karo i enei ngā?

E "revolution wereweti" he mooni? i taea e whakauaua karo tetahi reira. Tuatahi o te katoa, he tika ki take ā-, e kua matou whakahuatia kē tenei. Eaha tei tupu i roto i Eastern Europe, te nuinga te hua o te tauira whakaritea o te hapori, te kore o te haere noa mō te whanaketanga.

Anō i roto i te USSR timata, e au ra i te reira, ka hoatu e ara ki te whakahou hapori. Ko rahua maha kau taki o whenua i roto i Eastern Europe kua ki matau i te hiahia anō tuwhena akiaki o te hapori katoa, kua taea ki te farii i tohu tonoa e te wā ano. Taunga anake ki te farii i tohutohu i nga tini Party kitea ratou i roto i tenei āhuatanga, puputu'u.

He aha e kore haukotia e te ārahitanga Soviet?

Ko te aha ohiti takamua huringa tere i roto i Eastern Europe, te kaiārahi Soviet i kore wawao i roto i te āhuatanga me te turakina kau taki mua, o ratou mahi momo whakaū whakaahunga o te taupori anake?

Tuatahi, i reira i taea e kore korero o te pēhanga hōia i runga i enei whenua i muri i te mau ohipa o Aperira 1985, te withdrawal o te Army Soviet i Afghanistan me tauākī e pā ana ki te tikanga herekore o kōwhiringa. Ko reira mārama ki te pato'iraa, me te ārahitanga o te whenua Pākehā Eastern. Kei te kotahi meka matekiri, te tahi atu te "faaururaa".

Tuarua, i roto i ngā whiriwhiringa multilateral me më me hui i roto i te wā i 1986 ki te 1989, te kaiārahi Soviet kua toutou kī e pā ana ki te kino o te stagnation. Otiia me pehea ki te tauhohe ki tenei? Te nuinga o nga upoko o nga āhua i roto i ratou mahi kihai i whakaatu i te hiahia ki te huri i, hiahia ki te kawe anake te huringa iti tika e kore e e pā i te huarahi whānui anö i roto i enei whenua, te pūnaha o te kāwanatanga. Ko te kupu, anake i roto i nga kupu whakamanuhiritia perestroika i te USSR, te kaiārahi BCP, e ngana ana ki te taha o te momo o peretryasok i roto i te whenua ki te mau tonu te tikanga ngā o te mana whaiaro. whakakeke te upoko o te HRC (M. Jakes) me Sed (Erich Honecker) huringa, e whai ana ki te whakawhāiti i to ratou wawata i runga i te meka i meake te hanganga kiia o te Soviet Union te ki kore, te pānga o te tauira Soviet. tumanako tonu ratou e taea te mahi, no te tiaki paerewa āhua pai o te ora i waho noa whakahounga nui.

Tuatahi i roto i te hōputu kuiti, a ka ki te whai wāhitanga o ngā mema katoa o te Politburo o te Sed, Oketopa 7, 1989 i roto i te whakautu ki te tautohetohe whakamahia M. S. Gorbachevym e ki te hiahia akiaki tango te kaupapa i roto i o ratou ringa, kī te upoko o te German Democratic Republic e kore te mea e tika ana ki te whakaako ia ratou ora, no te i roto i te toa o te USSR "e kore te mea noa tote." haere te iwi i roto i te ahiahi taua ki te ara, te whakatakoto atu i te parariraa o te GDR. Nicolae Ceauşescu i Romania poke ratou ki te toto, hanga he bet i runga i te tāmitanga. A i reira kua oti hanganga tiaki nga hanganga tawhito, me te kore e arahi ki te pluralism, manapori me te mākete tūturu, ratou anake wāhi ki ngā tukanga whakakeke me te whāwehe.

ka te reira mārama e kore USSR wawaotanga hōia, kahore ona kupenga haumaru i te taha o nga aratau ngā o supply pūmautanga tahuri atu ki te kia iti. Ko reira tika hoki ki te tango ki pūkete te huru hinengaro o tangata, e te whakatangihanga a te wāhi nui, no te mea ua hinaaro te iwi huringa.

iwi Western hoki i hiahia i roto i te meka i haere mai nga ope pato'iraa ki te mana. E tonu i roto i te rauemi whakahau pōti-mua ēnei ope.

Ko te ao te hua kotahi: i roto i te akoranga o te tuku i runga i te pūtake kirimana o te mana (i roto i Poland), te rohirohi o te pono o te hōtaka whakahounga MSzMP (i roto i Hungary), aro me whakaaturanga papatipu (i roto i te nuinga o nga whenua), whakatikanga ake ranei ( "revolution wereweti" i roto i Romania) haere te mana ki te ringa o ngā rōpū tōrangapū hou me ope. Ko reira te mutunga o te wā. Heoi tino rite i roto i aua whenua, "wereweti revolution."

Ko te ngako o te huringa pānga

I tenei take, Yu. K. Knyazev āta toru ngā o tirohanga.

• Tuatahi. I roto i te whenua e wha ( "revolution wereweti" i roto i te GDR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia ko Romania) i te mutunga o 1989 i reira kua revolution manapori o te iwi, te whakawhetai ki te whakarewatanga o te akoranga tōrangapū hou. Ko te huringa hou i roto i 1989-1990 i roto i Poland, Hungary me Yugoslavia ko te otinga tere o nga tukanga whanaketanga. Kua tīmata huri rite me Albania ki puta i te mutunga o 1990.
• Tuarua. "Takaí wereweti" i roto i Eastern Europa - anake tutū apical roto i puta mai ki te mana, te mana kē, e kihai i whai i te mārama te hōtaka o hangaia anō pāpori, a na i meake ratou ki te hinga, me te wehenga atu wawe i te ao tōrangapū o te whenua.
• Tuatoru. Enei ngā i te counter-revolution, e kore te revolution, rite i anti-hapori i roto i te natura, i hangaia e ratou ki te tango i te mana i te tohutohu ia Communist Party me nga kaimahi, a kahore ki te tautoko i te kōwhiringa hapori.

Ko te aronga whānui o te kaupapa

Ko te aronga whānui o te kaupapa ko, Heoi, uniplanar, kanorau anga ke, me te pū i roto i nga whenua rerekē. i korero ratou i ki nga tikanga whakahaere fakatikitato me fakaaoao, maumaui matotoru o nga rangatiratanga me tika o tangata ki te whakawa he pāpori ngā i roto i te hapori, te pirau o nga mana, mau haamaitairaa ture me paerewa ora iti.

Ko ratou makanga o te pūnaha whakahaere-whakahau kāwanatanga kotahi-rōpū, vvergshey i raruraru hohonu, whenua katoa i roto i Eastern Europe, a te whakahaere ki te kitea i roto i te āhuatanga o te ara i roto i nāianei. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ko reira he revolution manapori, a kahore o nga coups apical. tohua ana tēnei te kore anake e maha rallies me whakaaturanga, engari ano hoki nga hua o muri mai i roto i ia o nga whenua o te pōtitanga whānui.

"Takaí wereweti" i roto i Eastern Europa i kore anake "ki" engari "mo te". Hoki te whakatūnga o te haere noa pono, me te manapori, te tōkeke pāpori, pluralism tōrangapū, te whakapai ake o te ora i te pae varua, me te rauemi o te taupori, te aronga o ngā uara tangata, te whakawhanake rite ki nga ture o te hapori ritenga ōhanga pai.

Revolution wereweti i roto i Europe: hua o whakahounga

Kei te tīmata CEE (Central me Eastern Europe) ki whanake ki te hanga o te kāwanatanga manapori, pūnaha multiparty, pluralism tōrangapū. Ko te whakawhitinga o te mana ki te tinana whakahaere kāwanatanga i te ringa o te taputapu rōpū. mana tūmatanui New mahi i runga i te mahi, nui atu i te pūtake rängai. E whakarato ana i te toenga i waenganui i nga manga rerekē, te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana.

I roto i te whenua CEE hopea ähuareka pūnaha pāremata. E kore tetahi o ratou kua whakapumautia te mana peresideniraa kaha, kahore he käwanatanga peresideniraa. Ua ite te whiriwhiri tōrangapū e, i muri i te wā taua o te mana totalitarian taea pōturi iho te ahunga whakamua o te tukanga manapori. V. Havel i Czechoslovakia, L. Walesa i Poland, tamata zh Zhelev Bulgaria ki te whakapakari i te mana peresideniraa, engari whakaaro tūmatanui me pāremata ātete ki tenei. e kore te peresideni takoto kaupapa here öhanga, me te kore tango kawenga mo tona whakatinanatanga, e ko, e kore ko ia te kaiwhakahaere matua.

mana pūmau ko te Pāremata, tukua te mana whakahaere i roto i te Kāwanatanga. Ko te hanganga o te Paremete whakamutunga whakapaia me aroturuki ona mahi, me te whakakore i te ture pūtea kāwanatanga. Free pōtitanga peresideniraa, me te Pāremata ko te faaiteraa o te manapori.

He aha ope haere mai ki te mana?

I roto i te tata katoa whenua CEE (anake te Czech Republic), haere pai kaha i tetahi ringa ki tetahi. I roto i Poland, tupu te reira i roto i 1993, kua meinga te "revolution wereweti" i roto i Bulgaria te whakawhiti o te kaha i roto i te 1994, a i roto i Romania - i roto i te 1996.

I roto i Poland, ka haere mai Bulgaria ko Hungary ki ope mana, maui-parirau i Romania - tika. Aita i maoro i muri, rite i kawea ai i roto i "wereweti revolution" i roto i Poland, i roto i te pōtitanga Pāremata i roto i 1993, i riro i te Union centrist o Forces Mauī, a i roto i 1995 Alexander Kwasniewski, tona rangatira, riro te pōtitanga peresideniraa. I roto i te Pipiri 1994, i riro i te Hungarian Party pāpori i roto i te pōtitanga pāremata, D. Horn, tona rangatira, arahina te kāwanatanga pāpori-ohaoha hou. Socialists Bulgarian i roto i te mutunga o 1994 ka torona 125 i roto o 240 i roto i te Pāremata i roto i te pōtitanga.

I roto i te Whiringa 1996, oho nga mana Romanian ki pokapū-matau. ka E. Constantinescu peresideni. I roto i 1992-1996 i roto i Albania, ko te kaha i roto i te Democratic Party.

Te āhuatanga tōrangapū i roto i te mutunga o nga 1990,

Maoro, Heoi, kua puta ke te āhuatanga. I roto i te pōtitanga ki te Sejm o Poland riro rōpū tika-parirau i Hepetema 1997, "nga mahi pōti o te mana." I roto i Bulgaria, i Aperira o te taua tau i roto i te pōtitanga Pāremata riro ope, me te tika-parirau. I roto i Slovakia, i Mei 1999, te pōtitanga peresideniraa tuatahi, i riro e R. Schuster, he waha kōrero mo te whakakotahitanga Manapori. I roto i Romania, i muri i te pōtitanga i roto i Hakihea 2000 ei peresideni hoki Ion Iliescu, te rangatira o te Pāti pāpori.

V. Havel Ko peresideni o te Czech Republic. I roto i te 1996, i roto i nga pōtitanga pāremata, tangohia te iwi Czech V. Klaus, tautoko Pirimia o. ngaro ia tona pou i te mutunga o 1997.

Ko te hanganga o te hanganga hou o te pāpori, whakakaha i te haere noa tōrangapū, te mākete puta, te mahi nui o te taupori. riro Reality pluralism tōrangapū. Hei tauira, i roto i Poland i tenei wa i reira i pā ana ki 300 ngā rōpū tōrangapū me te ngā whakahaere - pāpori manapori, te ohaoha, Karaitiana manapori. Ka ora ake te tahi mau rōpū mua-pakanga pērā i te rōpū National tsaranistskaya e vai i roto i Romania.

Heoi, ahakoa etahi democratization, i reira e tonu faaiteraa o "Mana huna" faaite e te i roto i te kaupapa here whakawhaiaro tiketike, kāhua o te kāwanatanga. Tohu nui haere i roto i te tahi mau whenua (hei tauira Bulgaria) monarchist aau. i hoki mai mua raraunga Kingi Mihai i te tīmatanga o 1997.