Tungsten, Molybdenum: tine tono

ngā Natural kohuke e roto Tungsten i te ngā pūhui me nohanga ahumahi ina he tū taea, me te ohaoha whai takenga tangohanga, - Tungsten, tokahuke molybdenum, me te teriuma, he tine, parahi, bismuth, wā mēkuri, kakano, hiriwa, koura, te ateneke, tantalum, he whanariki, konutaketake, Niobium - ao taua konganuku whenua onge, te ingoa o te rōpū e kore he taonga rite. Haere wāhanga ore Tungsten - Molybdenum, rite te nuinga o ētahi atu, kua nekehia te reira i raro i te kukū me te whakawhiti ki aro whiriwhiri ngātahi ranei.

Kia pehea te i Tungsten

kēmihi Swedish Carl Scheele, rongoā i te whakangungu, whakahaere ngā i roto i to ratou ake taiwhanga. I reira kitea e ia te tangata konupora, konu, māota, ara hāora. I roto i tona ora, kahore e hanga te kitea hoki i uru ai ia ki te Stockholm Academy o Sciences i ia. Ahakoa tata i mua i tona mate i roto i 1781, mutu ia te mea pai ia kahore e mahi, ko te kupu te tatou tetahi mea homai faahiahia.

Te whakaputa wheako, kitea Carl Scheele e Tungsten (kohuke, i muri ingoa i roto i tona scheelite honore) - te tote o etahi waikawa tonu unknown. Ko he kitea nui, engari tau e rua anake i muri taratahi i Utaina i Spain me ana akonga i tenei kohuke waitohu huānga hou e ketia nga marôraa katoa i roto i te ahumahi. Heoi, ka mau te tukipoto i wahi kahore i kotahi, te rau tau whakamutunga, i mua i waiho reira mārama he aha te āhuatanga rawa kua Tungsten.

wehenga

Tei runga i te mara e wehea tokahuke Tungsten katoa ki e rua ngā momo: exogenous me endogenous. I roto i Ko te whakamutunga o nga skarn, pegmatite, Stringer-rua (parawhenuatia) greyzerovye momo ira o tokahuke, e kua ngā ki toru ngā ore matua. Tenei Tungsten - tine, Tungsten - molybdenum, Tungsten - polymetals.

I te tahi taime, kitea Tungsten te i roto i pegmatites, kua tangohia mai nei te reira, me te scheelite haere te ara, ārahi te hanga o te perira, cassiterite, tantalum niobate spodumene ranei. Pegmatitnye mara - puna o te momona - whakawhanakehia te nuinga i roto i te Tonga Te Tai Rāwhiti Asia ko Africa.

kararehe

Tungsten, molybdenum i roto i te ore e tata e pā ana ki urutomo ofa'i, o ratou wahi apical, te wahi i reira he putunga prikrovlevye, maha haere tahi e stockworks ore e rua te pütahitanga, me te nadintruzivnymi.

ahua ai ratou he putunga plascheobraznye, inerite me te porotītaha, ki te nuinga moenga teneti. Pai tohua me tinana ore momo hanga tīwae me Stockworks āhua kōhikohiko. rāhui whakatakoto te wahi i reira he molybdenum, Tungsten, me ētahi atu kohuke whenua onge, tata kore whai rāhui nui. tata te ore e anake i roto i te tekau, tino onge i roto i nga rau o nga mano o taranata.

tangohanga

Molybdenum, Tungsten me ētahi atu rohe parawhenuatia ore he huānga exo- me ofa'i endocontact e puka e rua roa tika hohonu - ki runga ki te kiromita - noho te raupapa katoa maturuturunga pari ko tino iti waea taka toharite. kitea hoki Stockworks. Kua hanga e te tinana ore i kiripaka-wolframite, cassiterite, inclusions wolframite-kiripaka, maha ki molybdenum, teriuma me te bismuthinite, whakauruurutia ki kiripaka-molybdenite-scheelite me tokahuke kiripaka-scheelite.

Tikanga i roto i taua tokahuke roto i Tungsten, molybdenum, whakarewa te whenua onge atu i roto i ngā rahinga iti: i te Tungsten-hawhe ki tetahi me te hawhe ōrau, atu - iti iho. Na tenei ahakoa te rāhui ore o te maha mano ranei nga mano tini o nga taranata, i te mea ano hoki rawa, iti rawa. Kei te nuinga o te wā Mining kawea i roto i raro tuwhera ranei tikanga rua.

Methods production

putunga Tungsten ngā tikanga tangohanga paparanga tiango ranei ranei papa whakapae te na'ina'iraa ore i roto i te poraka ururua. stowing tikanga whakamahia hoki e pai i roto i te whanaketanga o ora, putunga skarn greisen ranei.

presupposes Open tikanga shtorkverkov, putunga skarn ranei greisen placers ranei. I te poka, e hua Tungsten ore, molybdenum, te nuinga whakahaere pūnaha ikiiki me te akiritia waho. I roto i enei wā, he tata rawa mīhini production - e iwa tekau-ma rima ōrau. Otiia e kore e te mahi mutu i konei. Ore te haamaitairaa i tono, mai i te mōrahi anake o tetahi, me te hawhe ōrau i roto i ratou konganuku whenua onge - Tungsten, molybdenum.

tāpui

I roto i te USSR mua nga putunga tino nui o te Tungsten ore tūhuratia i katatānga, Eastern Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti, te Caucasus me Central Asia. E kore e whakawhanakehia katoa o ratou. kawea tukatuka tāwāhi o te Tungsten me molybdenum te i roto i rawa tokomaha i roto i South Korea ko China. He nga putunga tino nui i roto i te ao. I tua atu, keri Tungsten te i Portugal, Ahitereiria, Canada, Bolivia, te United States, France, Austria ko Turkey.

Me mea te reira e te tona whitiki ore Kiwa Tonga-Te Tai Rāwhiti Asia me he neke atu i te ono tekau ōrau o te rāhui Tungsten runga i te whenua. Katoa i roto i te katoa, i te putunga tūhura katoa rāhui o Tungsten ao nui iti kotahi me te hawhe miriona tana he. Hei tauira, hua koura te tau (e kore i roto i te rakau, ara whakaturia i roto i te nekehanga), e pā ana ki 4.278.200 taranata.

āhuatanga

Te riroraa tetahi o nga konganuku tino whakangutungutu, riro Tungsten tata mahuinga i roto i ngā wāhi katoa e kua e pā ana ki te pāmahana tiketike. Ka rite ki huānga matū Wolframium (W) rongoa i roto i te wha o nga rōpū o te pūnaha wā. Ko tōna taimaha ngota o 183,85, me te tau 74. Kei te ingoa reira no te mea o tona marama tae hina - ki Tiamana me Wolf Rahm iritihia rite "wuruhi" me "cream", ki te mo'oni - "wuruhi pahuka i". Ahakoa refractoriness, eu i pāmahana noa. Kohuke tuku Tungsten - wolframite, scheelite me.

Tungsten - tetahi o nga wae matua o te maitai wera-ātete o Superhard - tere tiketike, me te taputapu, me te alloys ki te taua āhuatanga - stellite, te whakauru ia, me te pera i runga i. Ko Tungsten parakore, kite tatou i nga ra, no te mea kei te whānui reira whakamahia i roto i te engineering hiko. Hei tauira, i roto i te kakawaea rama te kakawaea Tungsten. Ano, he mahuinga i roto i te hikohiko ia. whakaaro Electronic i te pitoiho me te pitoake o te whakarewa.

alloys waitohu

Tukatuka o Tungsten me molybdenum matatini, engari tino painga. Ahumahi e matau he torutoru rama, he nui atu noa, me te iti iho etahi o nei. he ma Tungsten, me tāpiritanga me alloys ki ētahi atu konganuku. Ko te kupu, rerekē pane BP - Tungsten me rhenium koranu; VL - ki waikura lanthanum rite he dopant; VI - ki yttria; VT - hei waikura tāpiri thorium; VM - takawai me doped ki thorium; VA - ki konumohe, me te takawai tāpiritanga; RF - Tungsten parakore.

Tungsten Ko te pūtake mō te carbide me Tungsten koranu me molybdenum - superalloy, rite etahi ētahi atu. Hoki ki tona whai wāhitanga e teuteu kākahu-ātete taputapu maitai. O enei alloys mahi he rota o ngā wāhanga pūkaha - rererangi me te wāhi, i roto i te tahi atu whakaaro hiko - wāhanga rerekē me te kakawaea. Mai te mea tiketike rawa te kiato o te whakarewa, kua whakamahia te reira mo counterweights, hoki matā me anga pū, hoki missiles ballistic (tātari stabilization, te tu Tungsten takaí kotahi rau e waru tekau mano ia meneti) mō rotors tiketike-tere e whakamahia hoki konganuku pērā i Tungsten me molybdenum. Mā te ratou, i kite ai matou, rawa whānui, a kia ara tetahi mea parakore.

Mara o te tono

Te kore enei konganuku whenua onge, he aha he chromium, molybdenum, Tungsten, i tenei ra, e kore e taea te mahi i tetahi rongoa ahupūngao karihi ranei. tioata Single o tungstates he pūhohe ūiraira, X-ray, me ētahi atu radiations ionizing. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ Kei te whakamahia mō te tahuri waiariki pūngao ki pūngao hiko. Ahakoa hauhauhā-pewa kakano ia te whakamahi i Tungsten hei kawehiko.

Rawa whānui whakamahia Tungsten pūhui. rauemi Composite me alloys totoka he pūtake o Tungsten carbide, he tika hoki machining o e rua konganuku me ngā hanganga konganuku-kore. He tino nui i roto i te mīhini tenei: mira, tahuri, kōkō i, tōtika. Kaua e mahi i teie nei, kahore carbide i roto i kōhao me keri, a mo e hiahia ana matou Tungsten, molybdenum - production aravihi i te hangarau hou katoa ki a ratou.

momo Hua o konganuku onge-whenua

WS ₂ (Tungsten pūngāwhā) - hinu pāmahana tiketike pato ake ki te rima rau nekehanga centigrade. Hea hanga te kawehiko mārō te (nui-pāmahana pūtau wahie) whakamahia te Tungsten trioxide. Pueru, kua nui ake te ahumahi peita, me te uaua hangarau, te whakamahi i rite te pūhui whakakōkī Tungsten me te ngarahu, me te whāiti organic.

Ahumahi hua i te nui nui o ngā hua rerekē, i roto Tungsten, molybdenum me ētahi atu konganuku whenua onge. Ko te tino noa - te reira electrodes, waea, Tungsten paura, pepa, me te rod-. Electrodes kore rewa a reira e taea te whakamahi mō te kakano ia steels tiketike-koranu, konganuku kore-ferrous me ngā rauemi ki te tito matū rerekē. e kore e kore tetahi o te kawehiko whakarato i te taua kaha Weld tiketike.

molybdenum

alloys Molybdenum, a ka ana ia ki ngā rauemi whakangutungutu. I roto i tona puka parakore te whakamahia te reira i roto i te puka o te waea ranei rīpene hatete - oumu, ara te mahi i roto i te hauwai i te pāmahana o te 1600 ° C. Tine, me te waea molybdenum e hiahiatia ana i roto i te ahumahi hiko, e whakamahia ratou i roto i te hangarau X-ray o te molybdenum hua he momo o ngā wāhanga mō ngā ngongo X-ray, korere irahiko, korere mārua.

I tua atu, molybdenum, me Tungsten rite nga steels rawa whānuitia whakamahia ki te whakapai ake. Tāpiri Mo faarahi te kaha, hardenability, te waikura resistance, taikaha. Na reira, Tungsten me molybdenum e whakamahia ana ki te hanga i te wahi tino tino me te kōrero tino nui. Hoki te pakeke taua i roto i te koranu whakaurua Stellite - Konqueror me te konukurahina, ki te īnaki te wahi mata mahi kākahu. Chromium, molybdenum, Tungsten - tenei koranu he tata e taea ki te ūkui. Ano, kua homai e ia tetahi o nga wahi tuatahi i roto i te maha o te waikawa me te alloys wera-ātete.

wāhi

Ko te koranu o te Tungsten me molybdenum i roto i te hanganga o whakakikoruatia matenga o tetahi missiles me rererangi. Na roto i te kaha Tungsten tuatahi, tuarua - molybdenum. Heoi, kaha motuhake i pāmahana o e pā ana ki tekau ma rima rau degrees whakaputanga alloys ki molybdenum i te wahi tuatahi. Ki te he ara teitei te pāmahana - te Tungsten me tantalum e ore. rōpū Molybdenum honikoma hanga o rererangi waka ātea anga capsule me missiles e kua hoki ki te whenua, exchangers wera, whakangungu rakau wera, kuti te taha o parirau, stabilizers.

Hea e taimaha tikanga mahi, te āwhina konganuku whenua onge. Mai i taua rauemi e taea titau hāora tiketike resistance me te hau te horo, kaha tiketike, me te kaha ki te pupuri i te whana. He maha ngā kōrero jet me tākirirangi engines, remu autō, matatahi mīhini huri hiko, ngā paki nozzles, papa mana, nozzles tākirirangi, me ētahi atu - enei pepa katoa uaua ki te akakoromaki molybdenum.

i runga i te whenua

rauemi teuteu mo te taputapu e mahi i roto i te reo o te phosphoric, pūngāwhā me waikawa pūmāota, kua hanga o molybdenum me ona alloys. whakakeke te reira i ara i roto i te karaihe whakarewa, a reira hanga te ahumahi karaihe whānui whakamahi o molybdenum rite electrodes mō te rewa.

Mai ona tokotoko alloys hangaia, poru hoki te whakarewanga o pēhanga tiketike o parahi, konutea me te konumohe alloys. Mai molybdenum maitai tukinotia i raro i te pēhanga - te hipi toa, mate, mira mandrel werohanga. riro ratou molybdenum hoki tino whakapiki i.