Waikawa Sulfated: tātai me te matū āhuatanga

Ko tētahi o nga waikawa kohuke tuatahi, i ka mohiotia ki te tangata - he waikawa pungatara, pūkawa ngāwha ranei. E kore noa ko e, engari he tokomaha o ona tai e whakamahia i roto i te hanga, te rongoā, ahumahi kai, me te mo ngā take hangarau. Na tawhiti faatura tenei i roto i, kua puta ke tetahi mea. He maha ngā āhuatanga e mau ngāwhā waikawa, hanga ana e ia ohie mahuinga i roto i whāiti matū. I tua atu, i roto i ngā rāngai katoa o te ahumahi me te ora rā e whakamahia tai ona. Na reira, whakaaro tatou i roto i te taipitopito te mea te mea te reira me aha e nga āhuatanga faaite āhuatanga.

He momo o ngā ingoa

Kia tīmata a ki te meka e te ingoa i roto i tenei mea faufaa i te rota. I roto ia ratou te hunga te hunga e kua hanga e e te nomenclature kouma, me te hunga e whai mua. Ko te kupu, Kei te tuku tenei pūhui ki rite:

• ngāwhā waikawa;
• vitriol;
• waikawa pungatara;
• oleum.

Ahakoa kore te mea katoa e tika ana hoki te taonga i te wā "oleum" no te mea ko reira te ranunga o te waikawa pungatara me te teitei ōkai whanariki - SO _3.

ngāwhā waikawa: tātai rāpoi ngota, me te hanganga

Mai i te tirohanga o whakapotonga matū tuhituhi kia pera te tātai o tenei waikawa: H ₂ SO _4. Ko reira kitea e titoa te muingota te o tīhiko hauwai e rua, me te anion toenga waikawa - pākawa katote he 2+ tiaki.

Ko te kupu i roto i te rāpoi ngota, te kōrero e whai ake nei:

• kotuari pākoki i waenganui i whanariki me te hāora;
• kotuari kaha pākoki i waenganui i hauwai me te toenga waikawa SO _4.

Hara he 6 irahiko unpaired hanga rua here rua ki ngota hāora e rua. Ahakoa ki te tokorua - kotahi, me te hunga i roto i te tahuri - te hauwai kotahi. Ka rite ki te hua o te hanganga rāpoi taea ki reira kia kaha nui. I te wa ano, Ko te tino pūkoro me te ngāwari ki te haere i te māraa ļa hauwai, no te mea he nui nui i roto i electronegativity te whanariki, me te hāora. Toia te kiato irahiko iho, whakarato ratou he tiaki pai hauwai wāhanga, i te mea oti ka detaching. Ko te kupu i hanga rongoā waikawa i roto i te mea H ^+.

A paraparau e pā ana ki te āhua hāora o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te pūhui, te tātai pūkawa waikawa H ₂ SO _4, ngāwari taea ai te tātai o: hauwai y +1, y -2 hāora, whanariki i +6.

Ka rite ki i roto i tetahi rāpoi ngota, te tiaki kupenga ko te kore.

History o whakahura

mohiotia waikawa pūkawa te ki te iwi mai nga wa tino tawhito. i taea ki te farii i te reira tikanga rerekē o te calcining pūkawa Ahakoa alchemists. Mai i te rau tau IX, iwi kua riro, ka whakamahia i tēnei taonga. I muri mai i roto i Europe ako Albertus Magnus ki te unu i te waikawa i roto i te tukanga o te whāwehe o ngāwhā rino.

Heoi, e kore i pai tetahi o nga tikanga. Na ka tau te reira mohiotia pera-ka karanga ahua kōtuitanga ruma. Hoki tenei whanariki me te pākawa, me kohu tipu whenumi wai. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga ngāwhā waikawa.

Tonu i muri, i taea e ki te kitea te tikanga na'ina'i o te whiwhi i te taonga i te Ingarangi. whakamahia matou te pyrite - FeS _2, pyrites rino. Ko tōna pupuhi me te tauhohe muri ki te hāora tonu e tetahi o nga tukanga ahumahi tino nui mo te kōtuitui o te waikawa pungatara. rauemi raw taua atu wātea, utu me te kounga hoki hanga rōrahi nui.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

He maha ngā kōwhiringa, tae atu i te waho, he rerekē i ētahi atu pūkawa ngāwha waikawa e. Ka taea te whakaahuatia ngā āhuatanga tinana i roto i te ngā torutoru:

1. I raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa, - wai.
2. I roto i te āhua ero he taimaha, hinuhinu reira, hoki i huaina e ia "hinu o vitriol".
3. Kiato taonga - 1,84 g / cm ^3.
4. He kahore tae kakara ranei.
5. He he kaha "parahi" reka.
6. memeha te reira i roto i te wai tino pai, tata mutunga.
7. Hygroscopic, he reira e taea ki te hopu e rua wai noa, me te herea i te kopa.
8. Ko te nonvolatile.
9. wāhi e koropupu - 296 ° ^C.
10. Rewa i 10.3 ^° C

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui o tenei pūhui ko tona kaha ki te hydrate ki te tuku o te nui o te wera. Ko te aha noa i te kura, whakaako tamariki e e te tapiritia te wai ki te waikawa i roto i tetahi take tenei e taea e, engari tika te ritenga. I muri i te katoa, he mama i roto i te mātotoru wai, na ka whakaemi i te reira ki runga ki te mata. Ki te tino tāpiri reira ki te waikawa, tareka te tauhohenga hua i roto i na nui pūngao e tīmata te wai ki te kohuatia me te kia maputia e tahi ki te matūriki o te taonga kino. Ka taea e meinga te reira i ngiha matū nui ki te kiri o ringa.

kia reira kia te reira i māturu ringihia waikawa i roto i te wai, ka i te hana o te ranunga kaha, engari kohua e kore e puta, a konei tauhiuhi rawa.

āhuatanga matū

Mai i te tirohanga matū, ko te tino kaha tenei waikawa, rawa, ki te te hāngai reira otinga. Reira dibasic, Heoi dissociates stepwise ki te hanga i anion gidrosulfat- me pūkawa.

I roto i te whānui, i tona pāhekoheko ki ngā pūhui tutuki nga tauhohe taketake katoa angamaheni o tenei piha o matū. He tauira o te maha whārite e whai wāhi waikawa ngāwhā. E whakakitea āhuatanga Chemical i roto i tona pāhekoheko ki:

• tai;
• waikura konganuku me ngā waihā;
• waikura amphoteric me ngā waihā;
• konganuku e tu ana i roto i te raupapa iahiko ki te hauwai.

Ka rite ki te hua o taua taunekeneke i roto i tata wā katoa te tai toharite i hanga o te waikawa (Ngā pūkawa), ranei waikawa (Ngā pūkawa hauwai).

Ko hoki te āhuatanga motuhake o te meka e te whakarewa i roto i te ara mua + ahau H ₂ SO ₄ = MeSO ₄ + H ₂ ↑ tauhohe te otinga o te taonga, i.e. waikawameha. Ki te tangohia e tatou i te takiwa tino kukū, ranei (oleum), he tino rerekē nga hua tauhohenga.

āhuatanga motuhake o te waikawa pungatara

Ko ētahi o ēnei he pāhekoheko rongoā tika hāngai ki konganuku. Ko te kupu, i reira te mea he hoahoa e whakaatu ana i te parau tumu katoa o enei tauhohe:

1. Ki te he hohe te whakarewa, te hua ko te hanganga o te hauwai pūngāwhā, tai me te wai. te, heke e te whanariki ki -2.
2. Ki te te mahi toharite o te whakarewa, te hua - whanariki, he tote, me te wai. Ko, whakaora o te katote pūkawa ki whanariki free.
3. Konganuku mahi iti matū (i muri i te hauwai) - whanariki hāorarua, te tote me te wai. Te whanariki i roto i te piti hāora āhua +4.

Hoki pūkawa āhuatanga motuhake waikawa e te kaha ki te oxidize etahi-konukore ki to ratou ahua piti hāora teitei me te ariu ki pūhui matatini, me te oxidizing ratou ki matū ohie.

Methods mō te whakaputa ahumahi

tito tukanga ngāwhā waikawa pungatara te o e rua ngā momo taketake:

• titi;
• pourewa.

Ko nga tikanga tino noa i roto i te ahumahi ao rua. hāngai ana te whakatinanatanga tuatahi i runga i te whakamahi i rite rawa mata pyrites rino pyrite whanariki ranei - FeS _2. I roto i te katoa i reira e toru ngā wāhanga:

1. Calcination o te rauemi raw ki te hanga i rite te hua o te ngingiha o te pūngāwhā hāora rua.
2. Haere tenei hau i roto i te hāora i runga i te whakakōkī vanadium ki te hanga i whanariki trioxide - SO _3.
3. kawea te pourewa absorption i roto i ā tātau te anhydride i te otinga o te waikawa pūkawa ki otinga kukū nui hanganga - oleum. Tino taimaha wai matotoru hinuhinu.

He whakatinanatanga tuarua - ko tata te taua, engari kei te whakamahia te waikura hauota rite whakakōkī. I roto i ngā o ngā tawhā pērā i te kounga hua, utu me te mana kohi, te viivii ore o ngā rauemi mata, te mahi, ko te atu whai hua, me te manakohia te tikanga tuatahi, na kua whakamahia reira atu pinepine.

taiwhanga Synthesis

Ki te hiahia koe ki te tiki i te waikawa pungatara i roto i ngā rahinga iti mō te taiwhanga whakamātautau, te ara pai ki te taunekeneke ki te hauwai sulfide pūkawa whakarewa tautauā.

I roto i enei take, i hanga te hanganga o te pūngāwhā ferrous, a ka te rite te byproduct o te waikawa pungatara. Hoki rangahau iti he tika taua kōwhiringa, ko te viivii ore o taua waikawa e kore rerekē.

Ano i roto i te taiwhanga e taea e te whakautu kounga ki te rongoā pūkawa. Ko te kaiwhakahohe tino noa ko te pūhaumāota o konu, mai Ba ²⁺ katote tahi ki anion pūkawa tīwharawhara i roto i te hohenga ka ma - barite waiu: H ₂ SO ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

Ko te tote tino noa

Sulfated waikawa me ngāwhā e hanga reira, he pūhui nui i roto i te maha mara ahumahi me te whare, tae atu ki te kai. Ko te tai waikawa tino noa pungatara ko te whai ake:

1. Gypsum (kohatu, selenite). ingoa Chemical - wai konupūmā ngāwhā hydrated. Tātai: caso _4. whakamahia te reira i roto i te hanga, te rongoā, penupenu me te ahumahi pepa, te hanga o te whakapaipai.
2. Barite (barytes). Pārana pūkawa. Ko te otinga ko te hohenga Academy. I roto i te puka totoka - tioata mārama. Whakamahia i roto i ngā pūrere optical, X-ray radiation, mo te hanga o te paninga te tuuraa i.
3. Mirabilite (tote o Glauber). ingoa Chemical - tioata konutai ngāwhā decahydrate. Tātai: Na ₂ SO ₄ * 10H ₂ O. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te rongoa rite te wāhine.

Ka taea e tetahi faahiti rite tauira o Mariao maha, e te hunga o te hiranga mahi. Heoi, i te runga ake-whakahuatia - te tino noa.

Kraft waipiro

Tenei taonga ko te otinga i hanga nei e te maimoatanga waiariki o te rakau, i.e. cellulose. Ko te whakaaro matua o tenei hononga - te tiki i tona hopi waipiro mā te whakatau. Ko te hanganga matū o te waipiro pūkawa ko e whai ake:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• resins;
• me waikawa ngako ahua;
• sulfides, te pūhau, pākawa waro me ngāwhā o te konutai.

E rua ngā momo matua o rauemi: waipiro ma, me te pango Kraft. haere White ki te penupenu me te pepa ahumahi, me te pango whakamahia mō te hopi waipiro pango i roto i te ahumahi.

tono Main

Ko te hanga ā-tau o te waikawa pungatara, ko te 160 miriona. Taranata ia tau. Ko te ahua rawa nui, e whakaatu ana i te faufaa, me te nuinga o tenei pūhui tenei. He maha ngā ahumahi me nga wahi i reira ko reira e tika ana te whakamahi o te ngāwhā waikawa:

1. Ko te pūhiko rite te kawehiko, rawa i roto i te mata.
2. I roto i ngā tipu i reira hua ngāwhā tongi. Ko te nuinga o te waikawa, ko te mea ïa te hanga o te tipu kohuke fertilizing. Na reira, e whakato mo te hanga o te waikawa pungatara, me te hanga o te maniua maha hanga tata.
3. I roto i te ahumahi kai hei emulsifier, whakaritea E513 waehere.
4. Maha kōtuitanga organic rite te kaihoko dehydrating, he whakakōkī. Ko te kupu whiwhi explosives, resins, teretere, nairona, polypropylene me ethylene, waikano, weu matū, hākawa me ētahi atu pūhui.
5. Whakamahia i roto i ngā tātari mō te purenga wai me te hanga o te wai māturu.
6. Whakamahia i roto i te tangohanga me te tukatuka o ngā huānga onge i te ore.

Ano pau te rota o te waikawa pungatara te i runga i whakamātautau taiwhanga, te wahi e whakaputaina ai e te tikanga rohe.