Waikawameha ahetiki

Ranei organic monobasic waikawa, te rāpoi ngota o e kei ngota e rua waro me te rōpū carboxyl (ka tona ingoa no te mea ngā reira o nga rōpū carbonyl me carboxyl), i huaina ewaro (i faaauraa ki te waiwaro tahi ki te taua maha o ngā ngota waro) waikawa ahetiki ranei. Ia, rite te mau melo katoa raro tīmeka o tenei piha o ngā pūhui matū waro, kua he kakara titohea. Ka taea te tuhituhi tona tātai matū rite: CH3COOH. I ngā āhuatanga ambient he wai taekore. Kiato - 1.05 g / cm³. papatipu titiwha rite ki te 60,05 g / mol. rewa te reira i te pāmahana o te 16,75 ° C (i raro i te tioata ua haapuai rite ki te huka, na ka karanga tio). Whewhe i te pāmahana o te 118,1 ° C. He rite ki te 1.372 te taupū hakoko.

Māngai o tenei piha o ngā pūhui matū waro he ngoikore atu te waikawa pūhaumāota pungatara ranei, engari ka whakaritea ki te waikawa carbonic, te nui tino he waikawa ahetiki. Ko te āhuatanga matū whakaritea e ona i te mau melo o te rāpoi ngota carbonyl me ngā rōpū hydroxyl. whakaawe ratou na kaha ki tetahi ki tetahi e te āhuatanga matū o te rauemi ki te whānuitanga iti haamana'oraa o te āhuatanga o ngā pūhui carbonyl (aldehydes, amides, ketones, ngā hākawa) waiwaihā ranei anake. puta Ionization hononga e-H tika toia irahiko rōpū carbonyl. Na reira, ko te nui māmā ki te dissociate atu i roto i waiwaihā te hononga. Ko te displacement o ngā irahiko i te rōpū hydroxyl ki te carbonyl wāhanga whakaiti te ngota waro o te tiaki pai, hanga reira uaua ki te patu i te reira ki te nucleophile. Na reira, e kore e maha matū taunekeneke ngāwari ki pūhui carbonyl ariu ki CH3COOH.

Ki te whānuitanga iti taea waikawameha ahetiki dissociate ki te hanga i ngā katote hauwai: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CO2ˉ + H3O +. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te neutralization ki turanga, i hua i roto i te hanganga tote: NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O . Ko te tikanga tai waikawa wai wairewa. Tenei āhuatanga whakahaere i te tangohanga i ngā mātāpuna taiao. Na reira i te waikawa i roto i te tuatahi taratahi i te matū waro. Hei tauira, i whiwhi ewaro i te winika. E hanga e here hauwai kaha i waenganui i ngā rāpoi ngota o CH3COOH, reira i roto i whakarewa organic me i te wā hau, te vai te reira rite te dimer.

waikawa me te wai ahetiki e tairewa i roto i ngā wehenga katoa. Taui te reira i ona āhuatanga i runga i te kukū rānei. Tika pukuriri ki konganuku, tae atu rino, konupora me te konutea. Tenei hua hauwai me te tote-ka karanga acetates: Mg + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑. Mai hanga konumohe he kiriata passivation waikawa-ātete o te konumohe ōkai, te tank konumohe, me te waka tauā he kowiri tira whakamahia mō te CH3COOH waka.

I roto i te ahumahi, whakaputaina waikawameha ahetiki e piti hāora o te hāparo-tahi o te taua ingoa: 2CH3COH + O2 → 2CH3COOH. Mai i 800 kg o hāparo-tahi rite ton CH3COOH. Ko atu tikanga tata mō te whakaputa - te piti hāora wāhanga wai o te pūwaro ki rangi hāora i te pāmahana o te 150-170 ° C me te pēhanga o 50 atmospheres: CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2O2 → 2CH3COOH + 2 H2O. I roto i te meka, he nui atu uaua te tauhohenga i te whakaaturia. Haunga waikawameha ahetiki, hua he maha o byproducts. Rua e panaia enei tikanga i roto i (no o utu hinu teitei) i te carbonylation o mewaro: CO + CH3OH → CH3COOH. Te puta tukanga i roto i te aroaro o te whakakōkī i te mea he tote o rhodium, me kaiwhakatairanga (activators) - katote konutawa. E rewena te kaha o etahi microorganisms Ethyl waipiro, aru i te hāora i roto i CH3COOH, whakamahia i roto i te hanga matüora: C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O . Ko te tino matatini te tukanga, me te e wahi i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga.

hangaia waikawameha ahetiki te i runga i te GOST 19814-74 (waihanga, me te regenerated) GOST 18270-72 (te viivii tiketike) me GOST 61-75 (urupare). Ko te kaiwhakahohe matū nui, me te matū ahumahi e te nuinga whakamahia i roto i te hanga tenei, kua whakamahia hoki kirihou, muka waihanga, waikano, kiriata me ētahi atu. Ko te reira i te rauemi raw mo te hanga o te vinyl tāpia whakamahia nei i roto i te tukanga o te whiwhi sevilene (rite ethylene comonomer). Ko te whakamahi o te waikawameha ahetiki tika ki ona āhuatanga matū, me te tinana. CH3COOH tai he waiwhakaū e mahi mo whakatika nga waikano i runga i te muka.

I roto i te whare Kei te maha whakamahia waikawameha ahetiki diluted rite te kaihoko descaling. I roto i te ahumahi kai te whakamahia te reira i raro i te tāpiritanga kai waehere E260 pērā i te kawatanga regulator me rite te condiment. Food tāpiri whakaaetia hoki te whakamahi i roto i te EU, US, Ahitereiria me Aotearoa. I roto i te ahumahi kai te whakamahia te reira no te hua pickling i te puka o te winika ki te kukū o CH3COOH i te wai o 3 ki te 15% ranei winika ki te hautanga papatipu o te taonga taketake o 70%. He maha ngā hākawa o waikawameha ahetiki whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi rare.